The Nature of Colonization and Settlement

Contributed by:
Steve
This traditional knowledge offers us a way out of the stratification and poverty, both economically and psychologically, that we face today. It is a starting point to destroying the structures established by colonial ideologies and creating a society based on equality, liberty, and mutual aid.
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The Colonizer
The Colonialist that accepts
The Colonialist that Resists
The Colonized
Images and Myths of the Colonized
Dependancy Complex of the Colonized
Colonial Conflict/Relationship
The Settler Village
The Native Village
Freedom from Despotism
Decolonization
Cultural Revitalization
References cited
References used but not cited
Those who discovered and conquered other lands were entitled to them, their riches, and their spoils. The
conquered people could be treated as slaves, banished to other lands, or assimilated into the society and
institutions of the conquering people — Vine Deloria, Jr. (1983)
The present global stratification and make-up has been dictated in totality by the colonization and conquest of
European nations. Although direct colonialism has largely ended, we can see that the ideology of colonialism has
lingered in the identity of people within the general cultural sphere as well as the institutions of political, economic,
and social practices. Colonization or the “colonial complex” is: (1) colonization begins with a forced, involuntary
entry; (2) the colonizing power alters basically or destroys the indigenous culture; (3) members of the colonized
group tends to be governed by representatives of the dominate group; and (4) the system of dominant-subordinate
relationship is buttressed by a racist ideology. (Marger, 2000:132) This process has created the identities of both
the colonized and the colonizer with pathological effects. It has destroyed both the lives and the cultures of the
colonized and implanted a culture of destruction upon all inhabitants, both the colonized and the colonizer. There
are two reasons for exploring the pathology of colonization. First we must understand the creation of the present
social, political and economic dichotomy we face, but more importantly we must understand the psychological
problems created by colonization, so we as humans can deconstruct the present Leviathan we live in and create a
world based on cultural diversity, liberty, and mutual aid.
The Nature of Colonization — Empires, Land, and Cultures
The Ideology of Colonization
Colonization is based on the doctrine of cultural hierarchy and supremacy. The theory of colonialism is the
domination by a metropolitan center which rules a distant territory through the implanting of settlements. It is the
establishment and control of a territory, for an extended period of time, by a sovereign power over a subordinate
and “other” people which are segregated and separated from the ruling power. Features of the colonial situation
include political and legal domination over the “other” society, relations of economic and political dependance, and
institutionalized racial and cultural inequalities. To impose their dominance physical force through raids,
expropriation of labor and resources, imprisonment, and objective murders; enslavement of both the indigenous
people and their land is the primary objective of colonization.
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Another technique used to subdue the native population is the sacking of cultural patterns; these cultural values
are stripped, crushed and emptied. The colonialists see their culture as a superior culture; usually tied to either
Cultural Evolutionary or Social Darwinist theories. In an attempt to control, reap economic benefits, and “civilize”
the indigenous peoples the colonialist dismantle the native cultures by imposing their own. There is a destruction
of the cultural values and ways of life. Languages, dress, techniques are defined and constructed through the
ideology and values of the colonialist. Setting up the colonial system does not destroy the native culture in itself;
the culture once fluid, alive and open to the future becomes classified, defined and confined through the
interpretation, imposed oppression, and values of the colonialist system. At this point the native culture turns
against its members and is used to devalue and define the identity of the native population.
Their constant and very justified ambition is to escape from their colonized condition, an additional burden in an
already oppressive status. To that end, they endeavor to resemble the colonizer in the frank hope that he may
cease to consider them different from him. Hence their efforts to forget the past, to change collective habits, and
their enthusiastic adoption of Western language, culture and customs. (Memmi, 1965:15)
The Question of Land and Resources
Human History is rooted in the earth, everything is centered around or is connected to our use of land and territory.
This has meant that much of human activities has revolved around the territory they live in and extract resources
from. This has lead some cultures to desire more land and obtain new territory; therefore they must deal with the
indigenous peoples of that land. At a very basic level colonialism is the desire for, settling on, and controlling of
land that a culture does not posses; land that is lived on an owned by other people. Edward Said points out the
rate at which Europe acquired lands at the end of their colonial reign.
Consider that in 1800 Western powers claimed 55 percent but actually held approximately 35 percent of the
earth’s surface, and that by 1878 the proportion was 67 percent, a rate of 83,000 square miles per year. By 1914,
the annual rate had risen to an astonishing 240,000 square miles, and Europe held a grand total of roughly 85
percent of the earth as colonies, protectorates, dependencies, dominions, and commonwealths. (Said, 1993:8)
It was not only the acquisition of land that drove colonialism, but there was also a desire for natural resources and
labor. The colonialist countries needed raw materials to support their growing economies. Places such as the
Americas and Africa offered natural resources they could utilize for manufacturing — as well as opened up new
markets to sell their goods. Political structures of the colonial countries both economically and militaristically
backed the establishment and maintenance of the colonies, but it can not be ignored that a high percentage of the
funding for the colonies were provided by emerging capitalists; the Europeans extended their power by promoting
merchant houses and chartered companies. In settler colonies like Kenya and Mozambique, there was a
plantation-based export-commodity production of products like cotton, tea, coffee and sugar. Places like South
Africa and Zaire were exploited for their gold and diamond mines. For the economies of the colonialist states the
resources were harvested by the native populations (either through direct slavey or extreme wage-slavery).
Colonial Identity
“The colonial situation manufactures colonialists, just as it manufactures the colonized (Memmi, 1965:56).” If we
are to look at how colonization created the identities of both the colonized and the colonizer, we must recognize
that historical situations are created by people, but people are in turn created by these situations. The way a
person sees the world, both geographically and culturally, is dictated by their abstract understanding of the world.
Although culture does exist as a tangible entity, it is the abstract ideologies of comparison between cultures that
create cultural identities situated in social, economic, and political hierarchies. It is in this abstract world of ideas
that the colonizer, by creating the “other” which was to be colonized, created his own identity in opposition to that
of the colonized. (Said, 2000:71–74)
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The Colonizer
The Colonialist that accepts
The colonist who was either born in the colony or traveled there to better himself economically (often those who
traveled and established themselves in a colony were from poor or working class backgrounds; only in the colony
did they have a chance to make something of themselves) and embraces the colonial structure in which he was, in
his eyes, entitled to was obviously the majority of the colonists. By accepting the role of the colonizer, he accepted
the responsibility and identity of both himself and the colonized. Although the colonized are an interracial and
necessary economic part of the colony, the colonizer must disown the colonized and defend his identity both
intellectually and physically. He must accept the violence and poverty he sees daily; it is his job to rationalize the
actions of himself and fellow colonialists because he needs to absolve himself of the atrocities committed in the
name of economic and cultural superiority.
This man, perhaps a warm friend and affectionate father, who in his native country (by his social condition, his
family environment, his natural friendships) could have been a democrat, will surely be transformed into a
conservative, reactionary, or even colonial fascist. He cannot help but approve discrimination and codification of
injustice, he will be delighted at police tortures and, if the necessity arises, will become convinced of the necessity
of massacres. (Memmi, 1965:55–56)
The contradiction of his lifestyle, even with the economic benefits and cultural justifications, takes a tool on his
psyche. Deep down inside himself he lives with the knowledge of his actions, and no matter how much he justifies
or rationalizes his behavior the colonist pleads guilty. But a person cannot live with such contradictions, and thus
the colonist creates an identity to defend his actions. It is at this point that he creates the image of the colonist as a
humanitarian, who just happens to gain economic benefit. In his eyes he is bringing “civilization” to the “savages.”
As Social Evolutionary Theory teaches the colonialist; all cultures evolve into centralized industrial nations. He is
helping these “backward’ countries reach their evolutionary goal. He is bringing high civilization to them, and yes
there is some hardship, but evolution is rough; if the natives would just stop resisting this natural process and
abandon their traditional ways, they could learn to live the right way.
The Colonialist that Resists
At the core of the colonizer is his privilege, some individuals born or traveled to the colonies felt overt guilt for this
privilege. At first they deny such privilege, but when it is in their face daily it can no longer be ignored; at this point
they try to resist, but to do so would be to give up their privilege. He finds himself on the other side of the scale
from the colonized. If his living standards are high, it is only because the colonized live in poverty. He has positions
of authority because these positions are reserved for him. To refuse means to either withdraw physically from the
colonial condition or remain there and fight to change them.
The choice to stay and fight puts the colonizer into a life of contradiction; he is now at odds with his country men,
and cannot easily escape mentally from the concrete situations and ideology that make up the actual relationships
of the colony. This contradiction deprives him of all coherence and tranquillity of his identity. He finds that it is one
thing to refuse colonization, but it is quite another to accept the colonized and be accepted by them because who
can completely rid themselves of bigotry in a country and system founded on such a principle. No matter how
genuine he is, there remains a fundamental difference between himself and the colonized. “In other words, either
he no longer recognizes the colonized, or he no longer recognizes himself (Memmi, 1965:32).” In resisting he is
aiding the birth of a social order which may not have room for him.
He dreams of a new social order were the colonized stop being colonized, but he does not see a transformation of
his own situation and identity. In the new harmonious social order he will continue being who he is, with his
language intact and his cultural traditions dominating because though he hates the oppression of colonization he
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too buys the theories of Social Evolution. In other words, he hopes to continue his identity within the abstract
concepts of the dominate culture with a situation where the dominate culture would not exist. He calls for a
revolution, but refuses to conceive that this revolution would result in the overthrow of his situation and identity. It is
hard to imagine or visualize one’s own end, even if it’s to be reborn as another; especially if like the colonized, one
can hardly evaluate such a rebirth.
The Colonized
Images and Myths of the Colonized
To justify the colonization of a people, images need to be created so that the subjugation makes sense. These
images become the identity of the colonized. There are many images used, but one universal image that has been
put on native people is laziness. This image is a good example of how the colonizer justifies his actions. This
image becomes the excuse for the colonial situation because without such images the actions of the colonialist
would appear shocking. The image of the lazy native is a useful myth on many levels; it raises the colonizer and
humbles the colonized. It becomes a beautiful justification for the colonizer’s privilege. The image is that the
colonized are unbearably lazy; in contrast the colonizer is always in action. It implies that the employment of the
colonized is not very profitable, therefore justifying the unbearable wages paid to them. The logical assertion would
be that colonization would profit more by employing experienced workers, but this is not the case. The qualified
worker, then comes from the colonizer’s class; they then earn three to four times that of the colonized. It is more
profitable to use the labor of three of the colonized and pay them less than what would be paid to one colonialist.
Therefore the colonialist becomes the specialist, and the colonized become the laborers.
Dependancy Complex of the Colonized
Dependancy Theory is when the colonizing states exploit their colonizing regions that enhance their own
development and accumulation of capital. When wealth and resources are extracted from the colony, colonist
stunts the development or undo past development. This lack of development or modernization is placed on the
colonized as their failure to be able to compete with the colonial state. What development that does occur is then
distorted by a dependancy relationship and creates both internal and external problems to the local communities,
thus creating an image of inadequacy upon the colonized. The colonial states manipulate the industrialization
process in order to increase their profits, by undermining the local autonomy of the native population. Often they
control supplies and resources available to the colonized community, forcing them to produce cash-crops instead
of food, then sell food at an inflated price to the native population. This not only makes the colonized dependent
psychologically, but also dependent on the colonial system for basic resources. If one adds that many Europeans
go to the colonies because it is possible for them to grow rich quickly there, that with rare exceptions the colonial is
a merchant, or rather a trafficker, one will have grasped the psychology of the man who arouses in the
autochthonous population “the feeling of inferiority.” (Fanon, 1967:108)
Colonial Conflict/Relationship
The image of the settler and native village, although a physical reality of habitation; there is a psychological
distinction between the two, and when we see this physical and mental connection, there is an understanding of
identity. The colonial world is really a Manichean world, there is that of the native village and that of the settler’s
village. Between these two worlds are the policeman and the soldier, they are the true officials and liaisons of the
colonial system. The dividing lines between these two separate worlds are the barricades, barbed wire and police
stations.
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The Settler Village
The settler town is strong; it is made of stone and steel, and the streets are covered in asphalt. The town is brightly
lit. The streets are clean and the people are clean. They are all well clothed and well feed. Education is a given in
this world. “The settler’s town is well-fed town, an easygoing town; its belly is always full of good things. The
settlers’ town is a town of white people, of foreigners. (Fanon, 1963:39)
The Native Village
The native village, otherwise known as the shanty-town, getto, or reservation, is an infamous place throughout the
colony. The colonized are born there, and die there with no notice or thought given to them. It is rarely open, the
space is cramped and stifling (both mentally and physically.) The people live on top of each other, hungry,
malnourished, barely clothed. There are next to no streetlights and darkness is not only a physical but
psychological reality. The walls that are built to keep the natives out of the settler town, in fact keep them in the
squaller of the native town. There is no way out of this village. The barbed wire and lack of education, hand in
hand with skin color, makes sure the doors are closed and the colonized stay in their village. “The native town is a
crouching village, a town on its knees, a town wallowing in the mire.” (Fanon, 1963:39)
Freedom from Despotism
“The crux of the matter rests, not merely in the resistance to the predatory nature of the present Eurocentric
status quo, but in conceiving viable sociocultural alternatives (Churchill, 1996:31).”
Decolonization
Most decolonization theory is solely focused on the decolonization of the colonized. There is a necessary reason
for this. The issue of colonization and the atrocities committed by the colonists towards the colonized is no less
than cultural and physical genocide, but as Frantz Fanon discusses in The Wrenched of the Earth, there is no way
to return to a pristine/pre-colonial time, so the only way to change the stratification of the post-colonial world is
through decolonization. But this decolonization cannot just be of the colonized, this process must be also of the
colonizer. White people need to deconstruct their culture and ideologies because the stratification is founded and
maintained in our hegemony in regards of this culture of colonization.
The new relationships are not the result of one barbarism replacing another barbarism, of one crushing of man
replacing another crushing of man. What we Algerians want is to discover the man behind the colonizer; this man
who is both the organizer and the victim of a system that has chocked him and and reduced him to silence. As for
us, we have long sense rehabilitated the Algerian colonized man. We have wrenched the Algerian man from a
centuries-old and implacable oppression. We have risen to our feet and we are now moving forward. Who can
settle us back in servitude? (Fanon, 1965:32)
Cultural Revitalization
The key to decolonization is a conscious act of cultural revitalization. There needs to be a rebirth of cultures
dismantled during colonialism. The cultures of colonized and traditional people need to teach this culture lessons
of the past. In this I don’t mean teach the Eurocentric power structure the mistakes of their past, but the teaching
of traditional knowledge, values and lifestyles. This also means returning stolen lands and creating relations that
are not based on white privilege. In a very real sense, we need to overthrow our own existence to be reborn, in the
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sense that Memmi speaks of. “Only in that way can we transcend the half millennium of culture shock brought
about by the confrontation with Western civilization. When we leave the culture shock behind we will be masters of
our own fate again and be able to determine for ourselves what kind of lives we will lead.” (Deloria, 1999:153)
With understanding of political, economic and cultural knowledge of traditional culture, white people can break
away from the pathology created with colonization and live in a culturally diverse society; one in which we live
under a new cultural understanding in solidarity with those living within their traditional cultural ways. “I may say
that I believe such an agenda, which I call ‘indigents,’ can and will attract real friends, real allies, and offer real
alternatives to both marxism and capitalism. What will result, in my view, is the emergence of a movement
predicated on the principles of what are termed ‘deep ecology,’ ‘soft-path technology,’ ‘anarchism,’ and global
‘balkanization.’” (Churchill, 1996:480) This traditional knowledge offers us a way out of the stratification and
poverty, both economically and psychological, that we face to day. It is a starting point to destroying the structures
established by colonial ideologies, and creating a society based on equality, liberty, and mutual aid.
References cited
Churchill, Ward From A Native Son. Boston: South End Press, 1996
Deloria, Vine Jr. and Clifford M. Lytle American Indians, American Justice. Austin: University of Texas Press,
1983
Deloria, Vine Jr. Spirit & Reason. Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 1999
Fanon, Frantz The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press, 1963
Fanon, Frantz A Dying Colonialism. New York: Grove Press, 1965
Fanon, Frantz Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press, 1967
Marger, Martin N. Race an Ethnic Relations 5th Edition. Belmont: Woadsworth, 2000
Memmi, Albert The Colonizer and the Colonized. Boston: Beacon Press, 1965
Said, Edward Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993
Said, Edward The Edward Said Reader. New York: Vintage Books, 2000
References used but not cited
Anzaldu’a, Gloria Borderlands La Frontera. San Francisco: aunt lute books, 1987
Churchill, Ward ed. Marxism and Native Americans. Boston: South End Press, 1983
Churchill, Ward Since Predator Came. Littleton: Aigis Publications, 1995
Churchill, Ward Fantasies of the Master Race. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1998
Fanon, Frantz Towards the African Revolution. New York: Grove Press, 1967 Glendinning, Chellis Off the
Map. Boston: Shambala, 1999
Mbah, Sam and I.E. Igariwey African Anarchism. Tuson: See Sharp Press, 1997
Mumford, Lewis The Pentagon of Power. New York: A Harvest Book, 1964
Mumford, Lewis Technics and Human Development. New York: A Harvest Book, 1966
Ngu’gi’ Detained. London: Heinemann, 1981
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