This booklet provides a portrait of the American Indian and Alaska Native population in the United States and discusses that population’s distribution at the national level and at lower levels of geography.
1. The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 Issued January 2012 2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-10 INTRODUCTION By Tina Norris, Figure 1. According to the 2010 Census, Paula L. Vines, Reproduction of the Question on and 5.2 million people in the United States Race From the 2010 Census Elizabeth M. Hoeffel identified as American Indian and Alaska Native, either alone or in com- bination with one or more other races. Out of this total, 2.9 million people identified as American Indian and Alaska Native alone. Almost half of the American Indian and Alaska Native population, or 2.3 million people, reported being American Indian and Alaska Native in combination with one or more other races. The American Indian and Alaska Native in combina- tion population experienced rapid Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census questionnaire. growth, increasing by 39 percent since 2000. This report provides a portrait of districts.2 Data for this report also the American Indian and Alaska Native come from the 2010 Census Summary population in the United States and dis- File 1, which was the first 2010 Census cusses that population’s distribution at the data product to provide information on national level and at lower levels of geog- selected detailed American Indian and raphy.1 It is part of a series that analyzes Alaska Native tribal groupings, such as population and housing data collected Navajo, Cherokee, or Inupiat.3, 4 from the 2010 Census. The data for this report are based on the 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public 2 Information on the 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File is available Law 94-171) Summary File, which was the online at first 2010 Census data product released /redistricting-data.php>. 3 Information on the 2010 Census Summary File 1 with data on race and Hispanic origin, is available online at including information on the American /press-kits/summary-file-1.html>. 4 American Indian tribal groupings refer to the Indian and Alaska Native population, combining of individual American Indian tribes, such and was provided to each state for use as Fort Sill Apache, Mescalero Apache, and San Carlos Apache, into the general Apache tribal grouping. For in drawing boundaries for legislative Alaska Natives, tribal groupings refer to the combining of individual Alaska Native tribes, such as King Salmon 1 This report discusses data for the 50 states and Tribe, Native Village of Kanatak, and Sun’aq Tribe of the District of Columbia, but not Puerto Rico. Kodiak, into the general Aleut tribal grouping. U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
2. UNDERSTANDING RACE DATA FROM THE 2010 DEFINITION OF AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA CENSUS NATIVE USED IN THE 2010 CENSUS The 2010 Census used According to OMB, “American Indian or Alaska Native” refers to a federal standards to collect person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and and present data on race. South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal For the 2010 Census, the question affiliation or community attachment. on race was asked of individu- The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes people als living in the United States (see who marked the “American Indian or Alaska Native” checkbox or Figure 1). An individual’s response reported entries such as Navajo, Blackfeet, Inupiat, Yup’ik, or Central to the race question was based American Indian groups or South American Indian groups. upon self-identification. The U.S. Census Bureau collects information on race following the guidance of for respondents to identify with In Census 2000, for the first time, the U.S. Office of Management and more than one race. The definition individuals were presented with the Budget’s (OMB) 1997 Revisions to of the American Indian or Alaska option to self-identify with more the Standards for the Classification Native racial category used in the than one race, and this continued of Federal Data on Race and 2010 Census is presented in the with the 2010 Census, as pre- Ethnicity.5 These federal standards text box above. scribed by OMB. There are 57 pos- mandate that race and Hispanic sible multiple-race combinations origin (ethnicity) are separate and Data on race have been collected involving the five OMB race catego- distinct concepts and that when since the first U.S. decennial census ries and Some Other Race.8 collecting these data via self- in 1790. The 1860 Census was the identification, two different ques- first to enumerate American Indians The 2010 Census question on race tions must be used.6 as a separate race group, and the included 15 separate response 1890 Census was the first to count categories and three areas where Starting in 1997, OMB required American Indians throughout the respondents could write in detailed federal agencies to use a minimum country. Alaska Natives, in Alaska, information about their race (see of five race categories: White, Black have been counted in various Figure 1).9 The response catego- or African American, American respects since the 1880 Census, ries and write-in answers can be Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and generally under the American combined to create the five mini- Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Indian category, but were enumer- mum OMB race categories plus Islander. For respondents unable ated as a separate group starting Some Other Race. In addition to to identify with any of these five with the 1940 Census. All states White, Black or African American, race categories, OMB approved began collecting data separately American Indian and Alaska Native, the Census Bureau’s inclusion of for Eskimos and Aleuts in 1980. a sixth category—Some Other 8 The 2010 Census provides information Census 2000 used a combined on the population reporting more than one Race—on the Census 2000 and response category, “American race, as well as detailed race combinations 2010 Census questionnaires. The (e.g., American Indian and Alaska Native and Indian or Alaska Native,” and a 1997 OMB standards also allowed White; American Indian and Alaska Native dedicated write-in line to collect and White and Black or African American). In 5 The 1997 Revisions to the Standards for this report, the multiple-race categories are information on the American Indian denoted with the conjunction and in bold the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, issued by OMB, is available at and Alaska Native population, and italicized print to indicate the separate which is similar to the way in which combination. 6 The OMB requires federal agencies to the data were collected for the 9 There were two changes to the question use a minimum of two ethnicities: Hispanic on race for the 2010 Census. First, the word- 2010 Census.7 or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino. Hispanic ing of the race question was changed from origin can be viewed as the heritage, “What is this person’s race? Mark one or nationality group, lineage, or country of more races to indicate what this person con- birth of the person or the person’s parents or siders himself/herself to be” in 2000 to “What ancestors before their arrival in the United 7 For information about comparability is this person’s race? Mark one or more States. People who identify their origin as of 2010 Census data on race and Hispanic boxes” for 2010. Second, in 2010, examples Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish may be of any origin to data collected in previous censuses, were added to the “Other Asian” response race. “Hispanic or Latino” refers to a person see the 2010 Census Redistricting Data category (Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or (Public Law 94-171) Summary File—Technical Cambodian, and so on) and the “Other Pacific Central American, or other Spanish culture or Documentation at origin regardless of race. /cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf>. and so on). In 2000, no examples were given in the race question. 2 U.S. Census Bureau
3. and Some Other Race, 7 of the reporting American Indian and results for each of these groups 15 response categories are Asian Alaska Native. and highlights the diversity within groups and 4 are Native Hawaiian the entire American Indian and Second, individuals who chose and Other Pacific Islander groups.10 Alaska Native population.13 more than one of the six race cat- For a complete explanation of the egories are referred to as the race THE AMERICAN INDIAN race categories used in the 2010 in combination population, or as AND ALASKA NATIVE Census, see the 2010 Census Brief, the group who reported more than POPULATION: A SNAPSHOT Overview of Race and Hispanic one race. For example, respondents Origin: 2010.11 who reported they were American The 2010 Census showed that the Indian and Alaska Native and White U.S. population on April 1, 2010, RACE ALONE, RACE IN or reported they were American was 308.7 million. Out of the total COMBINATION, AND RACE Indian and Alaska Native and White U.S. population, 2.9 million people, ALONE-OR-IN-COMBINATION and Black would be included in the or 0.9 percent, were American CONCEPTS American Indian and Alaska Native Indian and Alaska Native alone (see in combination population.12 This Table 1). In addition, 2.3 million This report presents data for the population is also referred to as the people, or another 0.7 percent, American Indian and Alaska Native multiple-race American Indian and reported American Indian and population and focuses on results Alaska Native population. Alaska Native in combination with for three major conceptual groups. one or more other races.14 Together, First, people who responded to Third, the maximum number of these two groups totaled 5.2 mil- the question on race by indicating people reporting American Indian lion people. Thus, 1.7 percent of all only one race are referred to as the or Alaska Native is reflected in people in the United States identi- race alone population, or the group the American Indian and Alaska fied as American Indian and Alaska who reported only one race. For Native alone-or-in-combination Native, either alone or in combina- example, respondents who marked population. One way to define tion with one or more other races. only the “American Indian or Alaska the American Indian and Alaska Native” category on the census Native population is to combine The American Indian and those respondents who reported Alaska Native population questionnaire would be included American Indian and Alaska Native increased at a faster rate than in the American Indian and the total population. Alaska Native alone population. alone with those who reported Respondents who reported more American Indian and Alaska The total U.S. population grew by than one tribe, such as Navajo and Native in combination with one 9.7 percent, from 281.4 million Pima, would also be included in or more other races. The addition in 2000 to 308.7 million in 2010 the American Indian and Alaska of these two groups creates the (see Table 1). In comparison, the Native alone population. The American Indian and Alaska Native American Indian and Alaska Native American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination popula- alone population increased almost alone population can be viewed as tion. Another way to think of the twice as fast as the total U.S. the minimum number of people American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination popula- 13 As a matter of policy, the Census Bureau does not advocate the use of the alone tion is the total number of people population over the alone-or-in-combination 10 The race categories included in the who reported American Indian or population or vice versa. The use of the alone census questionnaire generally reflect a social population in sections of this report does not definition of race recognized in this country Alaska Native, whether or not they imply that it is a preferred method of pre- and are not an attempt to define race biologi- reported any other race(s). senting or analyzing data. The same is true cally, anthropologically, or genetically. In addi- for sections of this report that focus on the tion, it is recognized that the categories of alone-or-in-combination population. Data on the race question include race and national Throughout the report, the discus- race from the 2010 Census can be presented origin or sociocultural groups. sion of the American Indian and and discussed in a variety of ways. 11 Humes, K., N. Jones, and R. Ramirez. 14 For the purposes of this report, the Alaska Native population includes 2011. Overview of Race and Hispanic terms “reported,” “identified,” and “classi- Origin: 2010, U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 fied” are used interchangeably to refer to the Census Briefs, C2010BR-02, available at 12 The terms “Black” and “Black or African response provided by respondents as well as /c2010br-02.pdf>. report. imputation process. U.S. Census Bureau 3
4. Table 1. American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2000 and 2010 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf) 2000 2010 Change, 2000 to 2010 Race Percentage Percentage of total of total Number population Number population Number Percent Total population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281,421,906 100.0 308,745,538 100.0 27,323,632 9.7 American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,119,301 1.5 5,220,579 1.7 1,101,278 26.7 American Indian and Alaska Native alone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,475,956 0.9 2,932,248 0.9 456,292 18.4 American Indian and Alaska Native in combination. . . . . . . . . 1,643,345 0.6 2,288,331 0.7 644,986 39.2 American Indian and Alaska Native; White. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,082,683 0.4 1,432,309 0.5 349,626 32.3 American Indian and Alaska Native; Black or African American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,494 0.1 269,421 0.1 86,927 47.6 American Indian and Alaska Native; White; Black or African American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,207 – 230,848 0.1 118,641 105.7 American Indian and Alaska Native; Some Other Race. . . . 93,842 – 115,752 – 21,910 23.3 American Indian and Alaska Native; Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,429 – 58,829 – 6,400 12.2 All other combinations including American Indian and Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,690 – 181,172 0.1 61,482 51.4 Not American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277,302,605 98.5 303,524,959 98.3 26,222,354 9.5 – Percentage rounds to 0.0. Note: In Census 2000, an error in data processing resulted in an overstatement of the Two or More Races population by about 1 million people (about 15 percent) nationally, which almost entirely affected race combinations involving Some Other Race. Therefore, data users should assess observed changes in race combinations involving Some Other Race between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census with caution. Changes in specific race combinations not involving Some Other Race, such as American Indian and Alaska Native and Black or African American, or American Indian and Alaska Native and Asian, generally should be more comparable. Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table PL1; and 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table P1. population, growing by 18 percent MULTIPLE-RACE REPORTING Other Pacific Islander popula- from 2.5 million to 2.9 million.15, 16 AMONG THE AMERICAN tion had the largest percentage INDIAN AND ALASKA (56 percent) reporting more than The American Indian and Alaska NATIVE POPULATION one race.18 Native alone-or-in-combination pop- ulation experienced faster growth Nearly half of the American American Indians and Alaska than both the total U.S. population Indian and Alaska Native Natives reporting more than and the American Indian and Alaska population reported one race increased at a faster Native alone population, growing multiple races. rate than the American Indian by 27 percent from 4.1 million in Of the 5.2 million people who and Alaska Native alone 2000 to 5.2 million in 2010. population. reported American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 million identi- From 2000 to 2010, the multiple- fied as American Indian and Alaska race American Indian and 15 Percentages shown in text generally are rounded to the nearest integer, while those Native alone (see Table 1). An addi- Alaska Native population grew shown in tables and figures are shown with tional 2.3 million people reported by 645,000. The multiple-race decimals. All rounding is based on unrounded calculations. Thus, due to rounding, some American Indian and Alaska Native American Indian and Alaska Native percentages shown in tables and figures in combination with one or more population grew at a considerably ending in “5” may round either up or down. For example, unrounded numbers of 14.49 other races. Of the five OMB race faster rate (39 percent) than the and 14.51 would both be shown as 14.5 in groups, the American Indian and American Indian and Alaska Native a table, but would be cited in the text as 14 and 15, respectively. Alaska Native population had the alone population (18 percent) from 16 The observed changes in the race counts second-largest percentage (44 2000 to 2010 (see Table 1). between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census could be attributed to a number of factors. percent) reporting more than one Demographic change since 2000, which race.17 The Native Hawaiian and includes births and deaths in a geographic area and migration in and out of a geographic 17 Humes, K., N. Jones, and R. Ramirez. 18 Information on national-level 2010 area, will have an impact on the resulting 2010 2011. Overview of Race and Hispanic Census redistricting data (Public Law Census counts. Additionally, some changes in Origin: 2010, U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 94-171) for race groups is available online at the race question’s wording and format since Census Briefs, C2010BR-02, available at Census 2000 could have influenced reporting . patterns in the 2010 Census. /c2010br-02.pdf>. 4 U.S. Census Bureau
5. Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, the largest Figure 2. multiple-race combination was Percentage Distribution of the American Indian and American Indian and Alaska Alaska Native Population by Region: 2000 and 2010 Native and White. (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf) Among the 2.3 million people who reported they were American Northeast Midwest South West Indian and Alaska Native and American Indian and 9.7 16.8 32.8 40.7 2010 one or more additional races, the Alaska Native alone or majority (1.4 million or 63 per- in combination 9.1 17.4 30.6 43.0 2000 cent) identified as American Indian 18.3 and Alaska Native and White (see Table 1). This was followed by American Indian and 7.3 15.6 31.5 45.6 2010 American Indian and Alaska Native Alaska Native alone 6.6 16.1 29.3 48.0 2000 and Black, with 269,000, and 18.4 by American Indian and Alaska Native and White and Black, American Indian and 12.8 18.4 34.4 34.4 2010 with 231,000. Together, these Alaska Native in combination 12.9 19.2 32.5 35.5 2000 three combinations accounted for about 84 percent of all American Note: Percentages may not add to 100.0 due to rounding. Indians and Alaska Natives who Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table PL1; and 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) reported multiple races. Summary File, Table P1. The American Indian and Alaska Native and White and Black popu- increasing from 1.1 million in 2000 by the Midwest and the Northeast.19 lation more than doubled in size, to 1.4 million in 2010. However, This pattern was identical for the from about 112,000 in 2000 to as a proportion of the American American Indian and Alaska Native 231,000 in 2010. The American Indian and Alaska Native in com- alone population, although an even Indian and Alaska Native and White bination population, the American higher proportion of the American and Black population’s share of all Indian and Alaska Native and White Indian and Alaska Native alone multiple-race American Indians and population decreased by about population resided in the West. Alaska Natives also increased by 3 percentage points. about 3 percentage points. The proportion of American THE GEOGRAPHIC Indians and Alaska Natives The American Indian and Alaska DISTRIBUTION OF THE living in the West declined and Native and Black population grew in the South increased. by about one-half in size, increas- AMERICAN INDIAN ing from 182,000 to 269,000 over AND ALASKA NATIVE While the proportions of the POPULATION American Indian and Alaska the last 10 years. The American Indian and Alaska Native and Black Native alone-or-in-combination The largest proportion of the population increased slightly as a population for the Northeast and American Indian and Alaska proportion of the American Indian Native population lived in the Midwest remained stable, the and Alaska Native in combination West. proportions for the South and population, rising by nearly 1 per- In the 2010 Census, 41 percent of 19 The Northeast census region includes centage point. the American Indian and Alaska Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, The American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Midwest census region includes Illinois, Native and White population population lived in the West (see Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, grew by about one-third in size, Figure 2). The South had the Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South second-largest proportion followed census region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The West census region includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. U.S. Census Bureau 5
6. West changed slightly from 2000 The American Indian and Florida, and Michigan (see Table 2). to 2010. Compared with 2000, Alaska Native population grew Among these states, three experi- the proportion of the American in every region between 2000 enced substantial rates of growth Indian and Alaska Native alone-or- and 2010. in their American Indian and Alaska in-combination population living The American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination pop- in the South increased 2 percent- Native alone-or-in-combination ulations from 2000 to 2010—Texas age points, from 31 percent to population grew in every region (46 percent), North Carolina (40 33 percent, while the proportion between 2000 and 2010, led by 36 percent), and Florida (38 percent). In living in the West declined by about percent growth in the South and 35 similar fashion, the American Indian 2 percentage points from 43 per- percent growth in the Northeast (see and Alaska Native alone population cent to 41 percent. Table 2). In the West and Midwest, also experienced growth of at least the American Indian and Alaska 20 percent in Texas, Florida, New The proportion of the American Native alone-or-in-combination York, and North Carolina. Indian and Alaska Native alone pop- population increased as well, but at ulation increased in the South, from Out of the ten states with the slower rates. 29 percent to 32 percent, while the largest American Indian and Alaska West experienced a decrease in the The American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination pop- American Indian and Alaska Native Native alone population also ulations, eight also had the largest alone population (from 48 percent increased in every region, but at American Indian and Alaska Native to 46 percent). The proportions of slower rates than the alone-or- alone populations. Alaska and the American Indian and Alaska in-combination population. The South Dakota replaced Michigan Native alone population for the American Indian and Alaska Native and Florida among the states with Northeast and Midwest remained alone population grew the most the ten largest American Indian and fairly stable from 2000 to 2010. in the Northeast, increasing by Alaska Native alone populations. 31 percent. The multiple-race American California and Oklahoma had Indian and Alaska Native Multiple-race American the greatest shares of the population was more Indians and Alaska Natives population who identified geographically dispersed grew at an even faster rate as American Indian and than the American Indian than the American Indian Alaska Native. and Alaska Native alone and Alaska Native alone Of all respondents who identified population. population. as American Indian and Alaska The multiple-race American Indian The American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination and Alaska Native population had Native in combination population with another race, California had a different regional population dis- experienced a 48 percent increase the largest percentage (14 per- persion pattern compared with the over the decade in the South. In cent), followed by Oklahoma, American Indian and Alaska Native the Northeast, the multiple-race Arizona, Texas, and New York alone population (see Figure 2). American Indian and Alaska Native (see Figure 3). The pattern for the In 2010, 13 percent of multiple- population experienced a 38 per- American Indian and Alaska Native race American Indians and Alaska cent increase over the decade, fol- alone population was similar in that Natives lived in the Northeast. lowed by a 35 percent increase in California, Oklahoma, and Arizona This proportion was nearly twice the West and a 33 percent increase had the three largest shares of the as high as the proportion of the in the Midwest. American Indian and Alaska Native American Indian and Alaska Native alone population in the United alone population that lived in the The majority of all people States. However, New Mexico and Northeast. However, the proportion who reported American Indian Texas had the fourth- and fifth- of multiple-race American Indians and Alaska Native lived in largest American Indian and Alaska and Alaska Natives in the West ten states. Native alone population in the (34 percent) was smaller com- The ten states with the largest United States. pared with the proportion of the American Indian and Alaska Native American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination populations The pattern was slightly different alone population (46 percent). in 2010 were California, Oklahoma, for respondents who identified Arizona, Texas, New York, New as American Indian and Alaska Mexico, Washington, North Carolina, Native in combination with one or 6 U.S. Census Bureau
8. Figure 3. Percentage Distribution of the American Indian and Alaska Native Population by State: 2010 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf) American Indian and Alaska Native CA OK AZ TX NY All other states alone or in 13.9 9.2 6.8 6.0 4.2 59.9 combination American Indian CA OK AZ NM TX All other states and Alaska Native alone 12.4 11.0 10.1 6.6 5.8 54.1 American Indian CA OK TX NY WA All other states and Alaska Native in combination 15.8 7.0 6.3 5.0 4.2 61.8 Note: Percentages may not add to 100.0 due to rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table P1. more additional races. California Delaware, New Jersey, and Georgia The American Indian and and Oklahoma had the two larg- experienced the fastest growth Alaska Native population est shares of the American Indian rates of the American Indian and was highly concentrated in and Alaska Native in combination Alaska Native alone population. counties in Oklahoma. population. However, Texas had the The American Indian and Alaska third-largest share of the American The American Indian and Native alone-or-in-combination Indian and Alaska Native in combi- Alaska Native in combination population was highly concentrated population showed even more nation population, followed by New in 2010. Of the 3,143 counties growth compared with the York and Washington. in the United States, 71 percent American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination (2,237 counties) had less than 1.5 The American Indian and population. percent of the population identify Alaska Native alone-or-in- as American Indian alone or in combination population grew Eighteen states had growth rates combination with another race, as in every state between 2000 of more than 50 percent in their and 2010. shown in light green on Figure 4. multiple-race American Indian and In 187 counties, the American Among all states, the states with Alaska Native population. The Indian and Alaska Native alone-or- the most substantial American states that experienced the most in-combination population con- Indian and Alaska Native alone-or- growth (over 70 percent) were stituted 8 percent or more of the in-combination population growth North Carolina, Delaware, and total county population, as shown between 2000 and 2010 were South Dakota. in dark green. Of these counties, Delaware, Georgia, Pennsylvania, The multiple-race American Indian 55 (29 percent) were in Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Virginia (see and Alaska Native population’s and most of the remaining coun- Table 2). Each of these five states proportion of the American Indian ties were in the upper Midwest, the exceeded a 50 percent increase in and Alaska Native alone-or-in- four corners area of the Southwest American Indian and Alaska Native combination population increased where Arizona, Colorado, New alone-or-in-combination population. between 2000 and 2010 in all Mexico, and Utah meet, and in The American Indian and Alaska states except three. Illinois, New Alaska. This pattern was similar Native alone population also grew Jersey, and New York each experi- for the American Indian and Alaska in every state except Vermont, enced a slight decrease (see Table 2). Native alone population. where that population experienced a decrease of 9 percent in size. 8 U.S. Census Bureau
9. Figure 4. American Indian and Alaska Native as a Percentage of County Population: 2010 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf) Alone Percent 8.0 or more 3.0 to 7.9 1.5 to 2.9 Less than 1.5 American Indian/ Alaska Native Areas U.S. percent 0.9 Alone or in Combination Percent 8.0 or more 3.0 to 7.9 1.5 to 2.9 Less than 1.5 American Indian/ Alaska Native Areas U.S. percent 1.7 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table P1. U.S. Census Bureau 9
10. Figure 5. Percent Change in American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) Population: 2000 to 2010 (Counties with an American Indian and Alaska Native population of at least 100 in 2010 are included in the maps. For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf) Alone Percent change 100.0 or more 50.0 to 99.9 25.0 to 49.9 0.0 to 24.9 Less than 0.0 Fewer than 100 AIAN alone Not comparable U.S. change 18.4 Alone or in Combination Percent change 100.0 or more 50.0 to 99.9 25.0 to 49.9 0.0 to 24.9 Less than 0.0 Fewer than 100 AIAN alone or in combination Not comparable U.S. change 26.7 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table PL1; Table P1. and 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table P1. 10 U.S. Census Bureau
11. Table 3. Ten Places With the Largest Number of American Indians and Alaska Natives: 2010 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf) American Indian and Alaska Native Place Total Alone or in combination Alone In combination population Rank Number Rank Number Rank Number New York, NY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,175,133 1 111,749 1 57,512 1 54,237 Los Angeles, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . 3,792,621 2 54,236 3 28,215 2 26,021 Phoenix, AZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,445,632 3 43,724 2 32,366 7 11,358 Oklahoma City, OK . . . . . . . . . . 579,999 4 36,572 7 20,533 3 16,039 Anchorage, AK . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291,826 5 36,062 5 23,130 6 12,932 Tulsa, OK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391,906 6 35,990 6 20,817 4 15,173 Albuquerque, NM. . . . . . . . . . . . 545,852 7 32,571 4 25,087 16 7,484 Chicago, IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,695,598 8 26,933 10 13,337 5 13,596 Houston, TX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,099,451 9 25,521 8 14,997 8 10,524 San Antonio, TX. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,327,407 10 20,137 11 11,800 11 8,337 Tucson, AZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520,116 11 19,903 9 14,154 24 5,749 Philadelphia, PA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,526,006 13 17,495 25 6,996 9 10,499 San Diego, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,307,402 12 17,865 23 7,696 10 10,169 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table P1. Generally, counties with larger Counties in the South and across four were in the South, with two in proportions of American Indians the East Coast experienced a Texas (Houston and San Antonio) and Alaska Natives tended to be in higher rate of growth in this and two in Oklahoma (Oklahoma close proximity to American Indian population than counties in the City and Tulsa). This regional reservations and/or trust lands and West. Interestingly, counties with pattern was similar for both the Oklahoma tribal statistical areas high concentrations of American American Indian and Alaska Native (see the areas outlined in orange Indian and Alaska Native popula- alone population and the American on Figure 4). This was especially tions in such states as California Indian and Alaska Native in combi- evident in counties throughout the and Oklahoma experienced slower nation population. West and in counties in Oklahoma. growth compared with counties in the South and along the East Coast The place with the greatest The American Indian and which had very small population proportion of American Alaska Native population Indians and Alaska Natives concentrations of American Indians experienced growth in most was Anchorage, AK. and Alaska Natives. Among places of 100,000 or more Among the 2,452 counties in the The place with the largest population in 2010, Anchorage, United States with an American American Indian and Alaska AK, had the greatest proportion (12 Indian and Alaska Native alone-or- Native population was percent) of American Indians and New York, NY. in-combination population of 100 Alaska Natives alone or in combi- or more people in 2010, 2,227 The 2010 Census showed that New nation (see Table 4). Other places counties experienced an increase York, NY, had the largest American with large proportions of American in this population from 2000 to Indian and Alaska Native alone- Indians and Alaska Natives alone 2010 (see Figure 5). There were or-in-combination population with or in combination were Tulsa, OK 80 counties that had an increase 112,000, followed by Los Angeles (9 percent); Norman, OK (8 per- of 100 percent or more in their (54,000) (see Table 3). This is to be cent); Oklahoma City, OK (6 per- American Indian and Alaska Native expected since these places have cent); and Billings, MT (6 percent). alone-or-in-combination popula- the largest total populations in Of the top ten places, six were in tion from 2000 to 2010, as shown the United States. Four of the ten the West, three were in the South in dark green. There were 608 places with the largest American (all in Oklahoma), and one was in counties that had an increase of 50 Indian and Alaska Native alone- the Midwest. These patterns were percent or more in their American or-in-combination populations similar for the American Indian and Indian and Alaska Native alone-or- were in the West––Los Angeles, Alaska Native alone population. in-combination population. CA; Phoenix, AZ; Anchorage, AK; and Albuquerque, NM. Another U.S. Census Bureau 11
12. Table 4. Ten Places With the Highest Percentage of American Indians and Alaska Natives: 2010 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf) American Indian and Alaska Native Alone or in combination Alone In combination Place1 Percentage Percentage Percentage Total of total of total of total population Rank population Rank population Rank population Anchorage, AK . . . . . . . . . . . 291,826 1 12.4 1 7.9 1 4.4 Tulsa, OK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391,906 2 9.2 2 5.3 2 3.9 Norman, OK . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,925 3 8.1 3 4.7 3 3.3 Oklahoma City, OK . . . . . . . . 579,999 4 6.3 7 3.5 4 2.8 Billings, MT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,170 5 6.0 5 4.4 14 1.5 Albuquerque, NM. . . . . . . . . . 545,852 6 6.0 4 4.6 28 1.4 Green Bay, WI. . . . . . . . . . . . 104,057 7 5.4 6 4.1 36 1.3 Tacoma, WA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,397 8 4.0 16 1.8 5 2.1 Tempe, AZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,719 9 3.9 8 2.9 73 1.0 Tucson, AZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520,116 10 3.8 9 2.7 52 1.1 Sioux Falls, SD . . . . . . . . . . . 153,888 13 3.6 10 2.7 79 0.9 Spokane, WA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,916 11 3.8 15 2.0 6 1.8 Eugene, OR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,185 24 2.8 55 1.0 7 1.8 Topeka, KS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,473 17 3.1 27 1.4 8 1.7 Sacramento, CA . . . . . . . . . . 466,488 23 2.8 46 1.1 9 1.7 Santa Rosa, CA. . . . . . . . . . . 167,815 15 3.3 18 1.7 10 1.6 1 Places of 100,000 or more total population. The 2010 Census showed 282 places in the United States with 100,000 or more population. They included 273 incorporated places (including 5 city-county consolidations) and 9 census designated places that were not legally incorporated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table P1. While the top ten proportional rankings were very similar for the Figure 6. American Indian and Alaska Native Percentage Distribution of the American Indian and alone population and the American Alaska Native Population by American Indian/ Alaska Native Area of Residence: 2010 Indian and Alaska Native alone-or- (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and in-combination population, they definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf) were different for the American American Indian Alaska Native village Outside American Indian/ Indian and Alaska Native in combi- areas1 statistical areas Alaska Native areas nation population. The American 1.5 Indian and Alaska Native in combi- American Indian nation population had high propor- and Alaska Native 20.5 78.0 alone or in tions in the West, but in different combination 18.3 2.2 places. Spokane, WA; Eugene, OR; American Indian Sacramento, CA; and Santa Rosa, and Alaska Native 30.7 67.0 CA had four of the ten greatest alone American Indian and Alaska Native 0.5 in combination proportions. American Indian and Alaska Native 7.3 92.1 in combination The majority of the American Indian and Alaska Native 1 Includes federal American Indian reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands, Oklahoma population lived outside of tribal statistical areas, tribal designated statistical areas, state American Indian reservations, American Indian and Alaska and state designated American Indian statistical areas. Note: Percentages may not add to 100.0 due to rounding. Native areas. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table P1. In 2010, the majority of the American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination popula- tion (78 percent) lived outside of American Indian and Alaska Native 12 U.S. Census Bureau
13. Table 5. American Indian Reservation and Alaska Native Village Statistical Area Population: 2010 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf) American Indian and Alaska Native Not American Indian Area and Alaska Total Alone or in In Native alone or population combination Alone combination in combination Total American Indian areas1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,576,127 1,069,411 901,280 168,131 3,506,716 Total Alaska Native village statistical areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,613 78,141 65,855 12,286 164,472 Outside American Indian/Alaska Native areas . . . . . . . . . . . . 303,926,798 4,073,027 1,965,113 2,107,914 299,853,771 1 Includes federal reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands, Oklahoma tribal statistical areas, tribal designated statistical areas, state reservations, and state designated American Indian statistical areas . Note: In this table, the American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination population and the not American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in-combination population add to the total population for each area . Source: U .S . Census Bureau, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table P1 . areas (see Figure 6). In comparison, (i.e., federal reservation and/or off- The proportion of the American the proportion of the American reservation trust land, Oklahoma Indian and Alaska Native alone pop- Indian and Alaska Native alone pop- tribal statistical area, state reserva- ulation living inside Alaska Native ulation living outside of American tion, or federal- or state-designated village statistical areas (2 percent) Indian and Alaska Native areas was American Indian statistical area).21 in 2010 was higher compared with somewhat lower (67 percent), while The proportion of the American the American Indian and Alaska the vast majority of the American Indian and Alaska Native alone pop- Native alone-or-in-combination Indian and Alaska Native in combi- ulation that lived inside American population. The proportion of the nation population (92 percent) lived Indian areas was 31 percent, American Indian and Alaska Native outside American Indian and Alaska while a smaller proportion of the in combination population living Native areas. American Indian and Alaska Native inside Alaska Native village statisti- in combination population (7 per- cal areas was 1 percent. Patterns These proportions were similar to cent) lived inside American Indian were similar for the proportion of Census 2000, when 75 percent of areas in 2010. Patterns were similar the American Indian and Alaska the American Indian and Alaska for the proportion of the American Native population living inside Native alone-or-in-combination Indian and Alaska Native popula- Alaska Native village statistical population lived outside American tion that lived inside American areas in 2000. Indian and Alaska Native areas, Indian areas in 2000. as did 64 percent of the American Most people living in American Indian and Alaska Native alone The American Indian and Indian areas and in Alaska population and 92 percent of the Alaska Native alone population Native village statistical areas American Indian and Alaska Native was more likely than the did not identify as American in combination population.20 American Indian and Alaska Indian and Alaska Native. Native in combination Of the total U.S. population (308.7 A greater proportion of the population to live inside Alaska Native village million), about 4.6 million indi- American Indian and Alaska statistical areas. viduals lived in American Indian Native alone population lived inside American Indian areas and about 243,000 individu- Individuals living inside Alaska areas than did the American als lived in Alaska Native village Native village statistical areas made Indian and Alaska Native in statistical areas (see Table 5). This combination population. up 1 percent of the total American means that 98 percent of the U.S. Indian and Alaska Native alone-or- According to the 2010 Census, population (303.9 million people) in-combination population in 2010. 20 percent of the American Indian lived outside of American Indian and Alaska Native alone-or-in- and Alaska Native areas. 21 For information on American Indian and combination population lived Alaska Native areas, see the 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Of all people that lived in American inside an American Indian area Summary File—Technical Documentation at Indian areas, 1.1 million identified 20 Information on the Census 2000 /pl94-171.pdf> and the wall map, American as American Indian and Alaska American Indian and Alaska Native population Indians and Alaska Natives in the United Native alone or in combination living in American Indian and Alaska Native States at areas can be found in PCT1 tables in Census /aian2010_wall_map/aian_wall_map.html>. with another race, compared with 2000 Summary File 2. U.S. Census Bureau 13
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