This booklet discusses the period between 2400 and 1700, where great voyages of discovery and its spread, the establishment of colonies and ships.
1. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 “Fear not for the future, weep not for the past.” - Percy Bysshe Shelley The three best known western names in China are: Jesus Christ, Richard Nixon, and Elvis Presley
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5. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Voyages of Discovery Main Idea During the 1400s and 1500s European explorers —inspired by greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory, and aided by new technologies — sailed to many previously unknown lands.
6. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Foundations of Exploration • Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe • Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery • Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration Drive to Explore New Routes Faith, Curiosity • Search for wealth • Hoped to find new, • Other explorers hoped to faster routes to Asia to spread their faith into • Europeans desired gain trade foothold new lands expensive luxury goods • Wealth not only goal - • Another motive—simple some set out to find curiosity • Flow of goods controlled fame, glory by Italian merchants – • Writings like Marco also blocked by Polo’s very popular in Ottoman Empire • Hoped making great Europe, intrigued many • Charged high prices for discoveries would bring with tales of exotic these rare goods honor to their names lands, peoples
12. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Advances in Technology: Navigation • Sailors needed precise means to calculate location • Compass brought to Europe from China, let know sailors know which direction was north at any time • Europeans learned to use astrolabe from Muslims • Navigators could chart location based on sun, stars in relation to horizon Advances in Technology: Shipbuilding • Deep-draft ships could withstand heavier waves – rode lower in water and had larger cargo holds • Caravel, light, fast sailing ship; two features made it highly maneuverable: rudder and triangular sails – lateen; equipped with weapons • Maneuverability, defensive ability made caravel most popular for exploring
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15. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Question: How did advances in technology spur exploration? Answer(s): new ships faster and more maneuverable, could better handle sea voyages; navigational instruments allowed for voyages of exploration
16. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Explorers from Portugal and Spain The Portuguese The Spanish • First country to launch large-scale • 1492, Christopher Columbus; 1493, voyages of exploration returned to Spain - Spanish believed Columbus found new route to Asia, • Prince Henry the Navigator - patron, hailed him as hero supporter of those who wished to explore • 1502 Explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed coast of South America - not Asia • Early 1400s: established Navigation Court - ultimate goal—find water route • 1513, Núñez de Balboa - Pacific Ocean around Africa to India - Vasco da Gama - Spanish realized they needed to cross (1497–1499) another ocean to reach Asia • 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa • 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out for Spain with five ships, 250 men • 1522, 18 survivors of original fleet • Portugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation arrived back in Spain, first to circum- navigate world
17. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Henry the Navigator and Bartolomeu Dias
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19. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Vasco da Gama
20. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Portuguese Empire
21. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Christopher Columbus Replicas of Niña, Pinta and Santa Maria
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23. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 First Voyage
24. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Second Voyage
25. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Third Voyage
26. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Fourth Voyage
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30. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Amerigo Vespucci
31. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Núñez de Balboa
32. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Ferdinand Magellan
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34. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Explorers and their Routes Chapter 16, section 1, pages 472-473
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38. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Question: What did da Gama, Columbus, and Magellan accomplish? Answer(s): da Gama—reached India via sea; Columbus—landed in the Americas; Magellan— circumnavigated the earth
39. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Explorers from the Rest of Europe • By early 1500s the English and French were exploring northern parts of the Americas; Dutch later joined in explorations. The English The French • 1497, first major English voyage of • Sent explorers to look for Northwest discovery launched Passage • John Cabot sailed to Atlantic coast of what • 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed past is now Canada Newfoundland into St. Lawrence River, claimed land as province of New • 1577, Sir Francis Drake – sailed north to France, now Canada seek route around North America • Weather too cold, headed west around the The Dutch world to get back to England - second • By 1600s Netherlands powerful trading man to circumnavigate the globe nation, hoped to find new products, trading partners • 1607, Henry Hudson and Northwest Passage
40. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Sir Francis Drake
41. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Northwest Passage
42. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Question: What did English, French, and Dutch explorers hope to find? Answer(s): a shorter route to Asia
43. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Conquest and Colonies Main Idea The countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently conquering the native people who lived there.
44. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Spain Builds an Empire • Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands • Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas Spain in Caribbean Encomienda The Conquest of Mexico and Peru • First areas settled by • Colonist given land and • 1519, Hernán Cortés , Spanish, Caribbean Native Americans to led expedition to islands, Hispaniola, Cuba work the land Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs • Columbus hoped to find • Required to teach gold, did not native workers about • 10 years after conquest Christianity of Aztecs, Francisco • Spanish introduced Pizarro led expedition to encomienda system Peru and conquered the • Mistreatment, overwork, and Incan Empire diseases took toll on population
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47. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Hernán Cortés
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53. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Francisco Pizarro
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56. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Spanish Empire
57. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Portuguese Empire
58. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Question: How did the Spanish create an empire in the Americas? Answer(s): conquered Aztec and Inca empires
59. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe. Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they needed to establish colonies in the Americas. New France Dutch and New Netherland • French explorers established colonies • New Netherland did not grow - focused in New France (Canada) on developing colonies in other parts • Hoped this would be a rich source for of world gold, silver – found fish, furs • Little colonization – traders • Other colonies more profitable - Caribbean sugar, Asian spices more • 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded city of Quebec valuable • 1682, René-Robert La Salle Mississippi and Louisiana
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61. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 The English Colonies • 1607, first English colony established at Jamestown - Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific • Instead found marshy ground, impure water • 80% of settlers died during first winter in America - Colony still endured Pilgrims British-French Conflict • 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England - • Mid-1700s, English colonists persecuted for religious beliefs attempted to settle in French territory, • Established colony at Plymouth, upper Ohio River valley; 1754 – Massachusetts French and Indian War • Colony self-sufficient within 5 years • French eventually surrendered, yielded Canada, all French territory east of • Jamestown, Plymouth colonies Mississippi received aid from local peoples – despite aid, Native American viewed • War costly for British – king tried to tax with distrust colonists – led to American Revolution
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64. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 “Our life’s a stage, a comedy: either learn to play and take it lightly, or bear its troubles patiently.” - Palladas There are twice as many kangaroos in Australia as there are people. The kangaroo population is estimated at about 40 million.
65. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 New Patterns of Trade Main Idea The creation of colonies in the Americas and elsewhere led to the exchange of new types of goods, the establishment of new patterns of trade, and new economic systems in Europe.
66. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 The Columbian Exchange • Voyages launched large-scale contact between Europe and Americas. • Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease—the Columbian Exchange.
67. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Effects of the Columbian Exchange Different Foods • Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies • Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans • New foods provided substantial nutrition, helped people live longer • Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee, and by late 1600s, tomatoes (poisonous?) in Italian cookbooks Effects Widespread • China: Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped population grow tremendously; main consumer of silver mined in Americas • Africa: Two native crops of Americas—corn, peanuts • Scholars estimate 1/3 of all food crops grown in world are of American origin • Introduction of new diseases in the Americans: Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions – no natural resistances, devastated native population
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69. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 New World native plants. Clockwise, from top left: 1. Maize 2. Tomato 3. Potato 4. Vanilla 5. Pará rubber tree 6. Cacao 7. Tobacco
70. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Old World native plants. Clockwise, from top left: 1. Citrus 2. Apple 3. Banana 4. Mango 5. Onion 6. Coffee 7. Wheat 8. Rice
71. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Question: What were two lasting effects of the Columbian Exchange? Answer(s): possible answers—changes in cuisine, changes in crops grown around the world, epidemics
72. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Mercantilism New Economic Policy Balance of Trade • 1500s, Europeans developed new • Mercantilists built wealth two ways— economic policy, mercantilism extract gold, silver from mines at home, colonies; sell more goods than it bought • Nation’s strength depended on its from foreign countries = favorable balance of trade wealth - wealthy nation had power for military and expanded influence • Favorable balance of trade - country received more gold, silver from other • Wealth measured by amount of gold, nations than it paid to them - increased silver possessed by nation its power; weakened foreign competitors • Mercantilists believed there was fixed • Tariffs on imports; encouraged exports amount of wealth in world that could sell for higher prices than raw materials; controlled sources • Mercantilism led to intense • Building colonial empires essential to competition between nations mercantilist system – control of resources
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75. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Question: What were the main principles of mercantilism? Answer(s): nation's strength depended upon its wealth; needed a favorable balance of trade
76. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 The Rise of Capitalism Increasing trade between Europe and colonies created new business and trade practices during the 1500s and 1600s. These practices would have a great impact on the economies of European nations. Capitalism Emerges Rising Prices Money Supply • During this time, • Investors took risks of • Increase of money capitalism expanded: investing in overseas supply another factor in economic activity carried trade because of higher prices on by private individuals, inflation organizations in order to seek profit • Gold, silver from • Demand for goods Americas made into new • Overseas trade made increased due to coins many merchants rich – growing population, investment in more • Over time, increase of scarcity of goods; rising business/business money in circulation demand drove prices activity increased greatly pushed prices for goods higher still higher
77. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 A New Business Organization New Ventures Joint-Stock Companies • Overseas business ventures often • Investors bought shares of stock in too expensive for individual company investors • If company made profit, each • Investors began pooling money in shareholder received portion joint-stock companies Shares Financing Colonies • Profit, loss based on number of • British East India Company, one of shares owned first joint-stock companies • If company failed, investors lost • 1600, imported spices from Asia only amount invested • Others formed to bear cost of establishing colonies
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79. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Question: Why did new business practices develop in Europe? Answer(s): because of increasing trade between Europe and its colonies
80. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 The Atlantic Slave Trade Main Idea Between the 1500s and the 1800s millions of Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas.
81. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Origins of the Slave Trade and Trade Network • Shortage of labor in Americas led to beginning of Atlantic slave trade – laborers needed for plantations • Planters first used Native Americans; European diseases killed millions • 1600s, used indentured servants – expensive • Eventually, slaves taken from coast of west Africa - some exchanged for firearms, goods; others kidnapped on raids by traders Captured Africans became part of network called the triangular trade • First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods to Africa to be exchanged for slaves • Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Africans to Americas to be sold • Third leg carried American products to Europe • Some slave traders from Americas sailed directly to Africa, not following triangular route
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87. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Slavery in the Colonies • Spanish—Caribbean sugar plantations; Portuguese—Brazil; English— West Indies but also to colonies in North America. • England dominated the slave trade by end of 1600s • Most worked on plantations; some in mines, towns, or countryside; women given domestic duties; skilled craft workers continued crafts in Americas • Laws in Americas considered enslaved Africans to be property - slaves had no rights, freedoms • Slaves coped with inhumane conditions many different ways • Tried to keep cultural traditions alive, others turned to religion, slow work, destroyed equipment, revolted, and flee - est. communities of runaways • As result of slave trade, people of African descent and their culture spread throughout Americas, Western Europe - African Diaspora
88. Exploration and Expansion Section 1 Question: Why did many slaves fight back against their owners? Answer(s): to cope with inhumane conditions
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