4. plantation enslaved person Speech Room News Speech Room News a large area of land a person forced to work for where crops are grown, no pay, to obey commands, usually in a hot part of and to lose his or her the world freedom. Speech Room News Speech Room News speech escape Speech Room News Speech Room News a spoken expression of to get away from some ideas, opinions, etc., that is place where you are made by someone who is being held or kept speaking in front of a group Speech Room News Speech Room News
5. Jackie Robinson was born in 1919 in Georgia. Jackie Robinson left the army in 1944 and Jackie’s mother raised him and his 4 siblings. began to play baseball in Kansas City as Robinson played sports with mostly white part of the Negro Baseball League. The teammates. On the field people would cheer Dodgers wanted him to play for their team for him. When he left the field, however, he but needed someone who could stand up to faced racism and hatred for the color of his the insults and racism without fighting back. skin. Robinson went to college at UCLA where he was a track, baseball, football, and When he first joined the minor leagues he basketball star. faced a lot of racism. Sometimes the other team wouldn’t show up for the game After college, Robinson was drafted to the because of him. Even though people yelled at Army at the start of World War II. He went him and threatened him, he led the league in through officer training school and was sent to batting and won the MVP award. In 1947, he Texas. In Texas, he joined the 761st Battalion. joined the Dodgers. That year they won the This battalion was made up of only black pennant and he was named Rookie of the Jackie soldiers because they weren’t allowed to serve Jackie Year. alongside white soldiers. Robinson Speech Room News Robinson Speech Room News Harriet Tubman was born an enslaved Harriet Tubman decided to use the person on a plantation. She had a very Underground Railroad to escape slavery. The difficult life. She lived in a one-room cabin Underground Railroad wasn’t a real railroad, with her family which included 11 children. but a number of safe homes that hid enslaved people as they traveled North. When she was six, she was loaned out to Enslaved people would move from house to another family to take care of a baby. house at night, hiding until they reached one Tubman was mistreated by her owners of the free states in the north. Harriet used and worked plowing fields, loading the Underground Railroad to escape to produce into wagons, hauling logs, and Pennsylvania in 1849. driving oxen. In 1850, Tubman began working as a When she was 13, Tubman was in town ‘conductor’ on the Underground Railroad. This and received a serious head injury. A meant she helped others make it to freedom. plantation owner tried to throw an iron She was very brave while helping others, Harriet weight at one of his enslaved people, but Harriet including her family and 300 other enslaved people. hit Harriet instead. The injury nearly killed Tubman Tubman her. Speech Room News Speech Room News
6. racism mistreat Speech Room News Speech Room News poor treatment of or to treat someone or violence again people something badly; abuse because of their race Speech Room News Speech Room News threaten Underground Railroad Speech Room News Speech Room News to say you will harm secret aid to escaping someone or do something enslaved people provided unpleasant especially in in the years before the order to make someone Civil War do what you want Speech Room News Speech Room News
7. Jesse Owens participated in the 1936 Jesse Owens was born in Oakville, Alabama in Olympics in Berlin, Germany. The 1936 1913. His family moved to Cleveland, Ohio when Olympics were happening while Germany he was nine. Jesse began running track during was under the power of Adolf Hitler and the middle school. His track coach, Charles Riley, let Nazi Party before World War II. Hitler’s him practice before school. philosophy included beliefs about the superiority of the white race. He expected In the National High School Championships, Germans to dominate the Olympics and Jesse tied the world record for the 100 yard other races to be inferior. dash at 9.4 seconds. Jesse went to college at The Ohio State University. At OSU, he continued to break world records and dominate the Owens was the dominant athlete in 1936. He sport. He won eight individual championships in won four gold medals including 100 meter 2 years. During college, he was known as the sprint, 200 meter sprint, 2x100 meter relay, “Buckeye Bullet.” The track and field stadium at and the long jump. Years later, in 1976, Jessie OSU is called the Jesse Owens Memorial Jessie Owens was awarded the Presidential Medal Stadium. of Freedom by President Ford. Owens Speech Room News Owens Speech Room News Marcus Garvey launched the Universal Negro Marcus Garvey was born in 1887 in Improvement Association (UNIA) with the Jamaica. He immigrated to the United goal of unifying “all the Negro peoples of the States when he was 28 years old. During world into one great body and to establish a his time in Jamaica, Garvey admired country and government absolutely on their Booker T. Washington’s philosophy of own.” self-improvement for people of African descent. In Jamaica he formed the The UNIA gave grand parades in Harlem. Jamaica Improvement Association. Garvey was the ‘Provisional President of Africa’ and others in the group included When Garvey came to the USA, he knights of the Nile, Dukes of the Niger and continued to learn and share ideas. His Uganda, duchesses etc. Garvey and all the members wore elaborate military uniforms political goal was to take Africa back while they held parades and street from European domination so that ceremonies. By 1919, there were over 30 Africans would have freedom and branches of the UNIA in the US, Caribbean, Marcus independence. Marcus Latin America, and Africa. Garvey Speech Room News Garvey Speech Room News
8. dominate immigrate Speech Room News Speech Room News to have control or power to come to a country to over someone or live there Speech Room News Speech Room News inferior unify Speech Room News Speech Room News of little or less importance to cause people or things or value to be joined and brought together Speech Room News Speech Room News
9. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s most famous Martin Luther King, Jr. was an activist for Civil Rights during the 1950s and 1960s. King speech was titled, ‘I have a Dream.” King was very smart. He skipped two grades in helped to organize the famous march on high school and went to college at Washington in 1963. Over 250,000 people Morehouse when he was 15 years old. After attended the march to show the graduating from Morehouse, King went on to importance of Civil Rights. to legislators. be a minister. He got married in 1953 and had Martin gave his “I Have a Dream” speech 4 children with Coretta Scott. at this march. One year later, in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed. King’s first major civil rights action was leading the Montgomery Bus Boycott which King was the youngest person to ever started when Rosa Parks refused to give up be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in her bus seat to a white man. Martin led the boycott of the transportation system. Martin 1964. Just a few years later, in 1968 he Martin During the boycott, King’s house was was assassinated in Tennessee. There Luther bombed and he was arrested. When the U..S. Luther are over 730 streets in the USA named Supreme Court finally ruled to end King, Jr. after King. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is King, Jr. segregation, King prevailed. Speech Room News a national holiday. Speech Room News Rosa Parks grew up in Alabama. Her Rosa Parks had grown up with racism in the mother was a teacher and her father a South. Parks and her husband joined the carpenter. Rosa’s mother wanted her to National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Parks first led a group attend high school, but that wasn’t easy of students to the Freedom Train where they for African-American girls living in stood in the same line as white students. segregated Alabama at the time. She attended the Montgomery Industrial In December 1955, Rosa made her most famous School for Girls before going to the stand on a bus. She had settled into her seat Alabama State Teacher’s College in order on a bus. All seats on the bus had filled up to try to get her high school diploma. when a white man got on the bus. Rosa refused to stand up when the bus driver When Rosa’s mother became ill, she had required it. Rosa would not give up her seat to to leave school to care for her. the white man and the police were called. Rosa was arrested, which led to a boycott by others In 1932, Rosa married a barber named of the city buses. After 381 days, the U.S. Rosa Raymond Parks. Rosa worked part time Rosa Supreme Court ruled the segregation laws were and went back to school finally earning unconstitutional. Parks her high school diploma. Speech Room News Parks Speech Room News
11. Ruby Bridges was six years old in 1960. Bridges When Ruby Bridges started school at William grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana and lived only Frantz, on November 24, 1960, she had to be a few blocks from the William Frantz Elementary escorted by four U.S. federal marshals. When School, the white public school in her Bridges and her mother got to the school that neighborhood. When Bridges started morning there were many protesters. People yelled Kindergarten, she went to Johnson Lockett and threw things at Bridges because they did not Elementary School. This segregated school was want black children to attend the white public far from her house but all the kids on her block school. When some parents found out Ruby went to Johnson Lockett. Bridges was attending their child’s school, they pulled their own children out of school. In the spring of her Kindergarten year at Johnson Lockett, the state of Louisiana ruled the On the second day of school, Bridges met her schools would be required to desegregate. The teacher, Mrs. Henry. When they got to the schools started testing students to try to find classroom, there were no other children in the children to be sent to the white schools. Bridges room. Bridges couldn’t go to the cafeteria or was one of the five children chosen to attend the recess. Bridges was lonely most of the year. white school. Members of the NAACP convinced Eventually a few white children did return to school Ruby her parents that going to William Frantz would Ruby but they would not play with Bridges because of give all other black children opportunities in the the color of her skin. Bridges future. Speech Room News Bridges Speech Room News Sarah E. Jacob was born an enslaved Sarah E Goode’s folding bed idea has person in 1850. She was freed after the been used for years following her death. Civil War. Goode opened a furniture store In 1916, thirty years later, a similar style in Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago, she met and of bed was patented. The Murphy bed married Archibald Goode, a carpenter. was also a bed made to be used in small spaces. It was concealed behind a closet Goode noticed that people who lived in door or wall, rather than inside a piece of apartments in the city had very little furniture. We wouldn’t have the hide-away space for full sized beds. She invented a couch beds if not for Sarah E. Goode. folding cabinet bed. When the cabinet bed was folded up it looked like a desk Not much else is known about Goode’s including space for writing and storage. life. She died in 1909 in Chicago. You can The bed was widely used and Goode think of her anytime you sleep on a applied for a patent. She was awarded a pullout couch! Sarah E patent on July 14, 1885. Goode was the Sarah E. first African American woman to receive Goode a US patent for her invention. Speech Room News Goode Speech Room News
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