In biology, evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection.
1. Chapter Introduction How do species adapt to changing environments over time?
2. Chapter Introduction What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.
3. Chapter Introduction Do you agree or disagree? 1. Original tissues can be preserved as fossils. 2. Organisms become extinct only in mass extinction events. 3. Environmental change causes variations in populations.
4. hapter Introduction Do you agree or disagree? 4. Variations can lead to adaptations. 5. Living species contain no evidence that they are related to each other. 6. Plants and animals share similar genes.
5. SWBATA Fossil Evidence of • How do fossils form? • How do scientists date fossils? • How are fossils evidence of biological evolution?
6. Fossil Evidence of Evolution • fossil record • geologic time • mold scale • extinction • cast • biological • trace fossil evolution
7. The Fossil Record The fossil record is made up of all the fossils ever discovered on Earth. The fossil record provides evidence that species have changed over time. Based on fossil evidence, scientists can recreate the physical appearance of species that are no longer alive on Earth.
8. Fossil Formation After an animal dies, any soft tissues animals do not eat break down. tissue Science Use similar cells that work together and perform a function Common Use a piece of soft, absorbent paper
9. Fossil Formation (cont.) Only the dead animal’s hard parts, such as bones, shells, and teeth, remain. Under rare conditions, these parts become fossils.
10. Fossil Formation (cont.) The impression of an organism in a rock is called a mold. A cast is a fossil copy of an organism in a rock.
11. Fossil Formation (cont.) Atrace fossil is the preserved evidence of the activity of an organism. fossil from Latin fossilis, means “to obtain by digging”
12. Determining a Fossil’s Age Instead of dating fossils directly, scientists date the rocks the fossils are embedded inside. In relative-age dating, scientists determine the relative order in which rock layers were deposited.
13. Determining a Fossil’s Age (cont.) Relative-age dating helps scientists determine the relative order in which species have appeared on Earth over time. How does relative-age dating help scientists learn about fossils?
14. Determining a Fossil’s Age (cont.) Scientists take advantage of radioactive decay, a natural clocklike process in rocks, to learn a rock’s absolute age, or its age in years. To measure the age of sedimentary rock layers, scientists calculate the ages of igneous layers above and below them.
15. If the age of the igneous layers is known, it is possible to estimate the age of the sedimentary layers the fossils they contain— between them.
16. Fossils over Time The geologic time scale is a chart that divides Earth’s history into different time units. Earth’s history is divided into four eons—the longest time units in the geologic time scale.
17. Lesson 1-4
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19. Date: Proterozoic Eon Event By 1850 Ma Eukaryotic cells appear. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles with diverse functions, probably derived from prokaryotes engulfing each other via phagocytosis. (See Endosymbiosis).[21][22] By 1200 Ma Sexual reproduction first appears, increasing the rate of evolution.[23] 1200 Ma Simple multicellular organisms evolve, mostly consisting of cell colonies of limited complexity. First multicellular red algae evolve 1100 Ma Earliest dinoflagellates 1000 Ma First alaeovaucheria 750 Ma First Melanocyrillium 580–542 Ma The Ediacaran biota represent the first large, complex multicellular organisms - although their affinities remain a subject of debate.[29] 560 Ma Earliest fungi 550 Ma First fossil evidence for ctenophora (comb-jellies), porifera (sponges), and anthozoa (corals & anemones)
20. Date: Event in Paleozoic ERA 535 Ma Major diversification of living things in the oceans: chordates, arthropods (e.g. trilobites, crustaceans), echinoderms, mollusks, brachiopods, foraminifers and radiolarians, etc. 510 Ma First cephalopods (Nautiloids) and chitons. 485 Ma First vertebrates with true bones (jawless fishes). 440 Ma First agnathan fishes: Heterostraci, Galeaspida, and Pituriaspida. 420 Ma Earliest ray-finned fishes, trigonotarbid arachnids, and land scorpions. 410 Ma First signs of teeth in fish. Earliest nautiid nautiloids, lycophytes, and trimerophytes. 395 Ma First lichens, stoneworts. Earliest harvestman, mites, hexapods (springtails) and ammonoids. The first known tetrapod tracks on land. 350 Ma First large sharks, ratfishes, and hagfish. 330 Ma First amniote vertebrates (Paleothyris). 320 Ma Synapsids separate from sauropsids (reptiles) in late Carboniferous.[37] 305 Ma Earliest diapsid reptiles (e.g. Petrolacosaurus).
21. Date Event during Mesozoic Era 245 Ma Earliest ichthyosaurs. 220 Ma first turtles (Odontochelys). 200 Ma Earliest examples of Ankylosaurian dinosaurs 195 Ma First pterosaurs with specialized feeding (Dorygnathus) 190 Ma First lepidopteran insects (Archaeolepis) 176 Ma First members of the Stegosauria group of dinosaurs 161 Ma Ceratopsian dinosaurs appear in the fossil record (Yinlong) 155 Ma First blood-sucking insects (ceratopogonids), rudist bivalves, and cheilosome bryozoans. Archaeopteryx, a possible ancestor to the birds, appears in the fossil record, along with triconodontid and symmetrodont mammals. Diversity in stegosaurian and theropod dinosaurs. 130 Ma The rise of the Angiosperms: These flowering plants boast structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen. This innovation causes a major burst of animal evolution through co-evolution. First freshwater pelomedusid turtles. 115 Ma First monotreme mammals. 110 Ma First hesperornithes, toothed diving birds. Earliest limopsid, verticordiid, and thyasirid bivalves. 106 Ma Spinosaurus, the largest theropod dinosaur, appears in the fossil record. 100 Ma Earliest bees. 70 Ma Multituberculate mammals increase in diversity. 68 Ma Tyrannosaurus, the largest terrestrial predator of North America
22. Date Event in Cenozoic Era 63 Ma Evolution of the creodonts, an important group of carnivorous mammals. 56 Ma Gastornis, a large, flightless bird appears in the fossil record, becoming an apex predator at the time. 40 Ma Basilosaurus, one of the first of the giant whales, appeared in the fossil record. 28 Ma Paraceratherium appears in the fossil record, the largest terrestrial mammal that ever lived. 25 Ma First deer. 4.8 Ma Mammoths appear in the fossil record. 4 Ma Evolution of Australopithecus, 2.5 Ma The earliest species of Smilodon evolve 350 ka Evolution of Neanderthals 200 ka Modern humans appear in Africa.
23. Extinction occurs when the last individual organism of a species dies. A mass extinction occurs when many species become extinct within a few million years or less. Extinctions can occur when environments change.
24. Extinctions (cont.) The fossil record contains evidence that five mass extinction events have occurred during the Phanerozoic eon.
25. Extinctions (cont.) The fossil record contains evidence of the appearance of many new species over time. Biological evolution is the change over time in populations of related organisms.
26. The fossil record is that horses descended from organisms for which only fossils exist today.
27. Extinctions (cont.) How are fossils evidence of biological evolution?
28. • Fossils can consist of the hard parts or soft parts of organisms. Fossils can be an impression of an organism or consist of original tissues. • Scientists determine the age of a fossil through relative-age dating or absolute- age dating.
29. • Scientists use fossils as evidence that species have changed over time.
30. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection • Who was Charles Darwin? • How does Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection explain how species change over time? • How are adaptations evidence of natural selection?
31. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection • naturalist • camouflage • variation • mimicry • natural selection • selective • adaptation breeding
32. Charles Darwin A naturalist is a person who studies plants and animals by observing them. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who, in the mid-1800s, developed a theory of how evolution works.
33. Darwin found that each island in the Galápagos had a different environment, and tortoises looked different depending on which island environment they inhabited.
34. A variation is a slight difference in an inherited trait of individual members of a species. Variations arise naturally in populations, occurring in offspring as a result of sexual reproduction. Genetic changes to phenotype can be passed on to future generations.
35. How Evolution Occurs- 4 Steps 1 – Reproduction: More offspring are produced than can ever survive 2- Variation: Exists within the group of offspring due to sexual reproduction (meiosis and fertilization) 3- Competition: Offspring compete with one another and other species for resources (food, shelter, mates 4- Selection: The environment determines which one competed the best and has a chance to survive and pass on its successful genes(alleles)!
36. Natural Selection
37. Darwin’s Theory (cont.) Natural selection is the process by which populations of organisms with variations that help them survive in their environments live longer, compete better, and reproduce more than those that do not have the variations.
38. Adaptations An adaptation is an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing in its environment. Structural -color, shape, and other physical characteristics. Behavioral-the way an organism behaves or acts. Functional-internal body systems that affect biochemistry.
39. Adaptations (cont.) Camouflage and mimicry are adaptations that help species avoid being eaten. Camouflage is an adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its environment. The resemblance of one species to another species is mimicry.
40. Artificial Selection The breeding of organisms for desired characteristics is called selective breeding. Darwin realized that changes caused by selective breeding were much like changes caused by natural selection.
41. 1.How does natural selection relate to evolution of a species? 2.List the three types of adaptations. 3.What is the difference between camouflage and mimicry?
42. • Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution partly by observing organisms in their natural environment. • Natural selection occurs when organisms with certain variations live longer, compete better, and reproduce more often than organisms that do not have the variations.
43. • Adaptations occur when a beneficial variation is eventually inherited by all members of a population.
44. Lesson 2 – LR1 Which refers the process by which populations of organisms with variations that help them survive in their environments live longer, compete better, and reproduce more than those that do not have the variations? A. adaptation B. mimicry C. natural selection D. selective breeding
45. Lesson 2 – LR2 Which is an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing in its environment? A. adaptation B. camouflage C. natural selection D. variation
46. Lesson 2 – LR3 What term refers to the breeding of organisms for desired A. adaptation B. variation C. natural selection D. selective breeding
51. Oh no…Mr. Ollive is going to make us take notes now!
52. SWBATA Biological Evidence of Evolution • What evidence from living species supports the theory that species descended from other species over time? • How are Earth’s organisms related?
53. Evidence for Evolution The degree to which species are related depends on how closely in time they diverged, or split, from their common ancestor. Although the fossil record is incomplete, it contains many examples of fossil sequences showing close ancestral relationships.
54. The fossil record indicates that different species of horses often overlapped with each other.
55. Evidence for Evolution (cont.) Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species. ( Comparing and Anatomy) Homologous structures are body parts of organisms that are similar in structure and position but different in function.
56. The forelimbs of these species are different sizes, but their placement and structure suggest common ancestry.
57. Body parts that perform a similar function but differ in structure are analogous structures. Organisms evolve to the environment in similar ways! Wings and fins are perfect
58. Vestigial structures are body parts that have lost their original function through evolution.
59. Evidence for Evolution (cont.) The science of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth is called embryology.
60. All vertebrate embryos exhibit pharyngeal pouches at a certain stage of their development. These features, which develop into neck and face parts, suggest relatedness.
61. How do homologous structures provide evidence for evolution? How are vestigial structures evidence of descent from ancestral species? How do pharyngeal pouches provide evidence of relationships among species?
62. Evidence for Evolution (cont.) Molecular biology is the study of gene structure and function. Discoveries have confirmed and extended much of the data already collected about the theory of evolution. Scientists can study relatedness of organisms by comparing genes and proteins among living species.
63. Evidence for Evolution (cont.) Organisms with similar DNA share common ancestors and are closely related
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65. Divergence – to split apart Molecular data indicate that whales and porpoises are more closely related to hippopotamuses than they are to any other living species.
66. The Study of Evolution Today New evidence supporting the theory of evolution by natural selection is discovered nearly every day, but scientists debate some of the details. New fossils that have features of species that lived both before them and after them help scientists study more details about the origin of new species.
67. Many scientists think that natural selection produces new species slowly and steadily. Other scientists think species exist stably for long periods, and change occurs in short bursts.
68. • By comparing the anatomy of organisms and looking for homologous or analogous structures, scientists can determine if organisms had a common ancestor.
69. • Some organisms have vestigial structures, suggesting that they descended from a species that used the structure for a purpose.
70. • Scientists use evidence from developmental and molecular biology to help determine if organisms are related.
71. The BIG Idea Through natural selection, species evolve as they adapt to Earth’s changing environments.
72. Lesson 1: Fossil Evidence of Evolution Key Concepts 1 Fossils form in many ways, including mineral replacement, carbonization, and impressions in sediment. Scientists can learn the ages of fossils by techniques of relative-age dating and absolute-age dating. Though incomplete, the fossil record contains patterns suggesting the biological evolution of related species.
73. Lesson 2: Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection The 19th century naturalist Charles Darwin developed a theory of evolution that is still studied today. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is the process by which populations with variations that help them survive in their environments live longer and reproduce more than those without beneficial variations. Over time, beneficial variations spread through populations, and new species that are adapted to their environments evolve. Camouflage, mimicry, and other adaptations are evidence of the close relationships between species
74. Lesson 3: Biological Evidence of Evolution Fossils provide only one source of evidence of evolution. Additional evidence comes from living species, including studies in comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology. Through evolution by natural selection, all of Earth’s organisms are related. The more recently they share a common ancestor, the more closely they are related.
75. Lesson 1 – LR1 Which refers to a chart that divides Earth’s history into different time units? A. fossil record B. geologic time scale C. relative-age dating D. trace fossil
76. Lesson 1 – LR2 Which is the preserved evidence of the activity of an organism? A. cast B. fossil record C. mold D. trace fossil
77. Which term describes the collection of all the fossils ever discovered on Earth? A. cast B. mold C. fossil record D. trace fossil
78. Which is a fossil copy of an organism in a rock? A. cast B. mold C. fossil record D. trace fossil
79. What kind of adaptation enables a species to blend in with its A. camouflage B. mimicry C. behavioral adaptation D. functional adaptation
80. What kind of adaptations involve internal body systems that affect A. mimicry B. variation C. behavioral adaptations D. functional adaptations
81. Which of these is the study of gene structure and function? A. embryology B. variation C. comparative anatomy D. molecular biology
82. Which term describes what happens when the last individual organism of a species dies? A. adaptation B. extinction C. biological evolution D. mass extinction
83. What describes one species’ resemblance to another species? A. adaptation B. camouflage C. mimicry D. variation
84. What type of adaptation involves the way an organism behaves or A. mimicry B. variation C. behavioral adaptation D. structural adaptation
85. What term refers to body parts of organisms that are similar in structure and position but different in function? A. camouflage B. mimicry C. analogous structures D. homologous structures
86. Lesson 3 – LR1 What term refers to body parts that perform a similar function but differ in structure? A. analogous structures B. homologous structures C. pharyngeal pouches D. vestigial pelvis
87. Lesson 3 – LR2 What is the name for the science of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth? A. adaptation B. embryology C. comparative anatomy D. molecular biology
88. Lesson 3 – LR3 Which describes the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species? A. adaptation B. embryology C. comparative anatomy D. molecular biology
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