This booklet depicts the history, culture, philosophy, spread, art, and architecture of Greek civilizations.
1. Roger Wood/CORBIS Greek Civilization The temple of Delphi was very important to ancient Greeks. Many people believed the priestess here could foretell the future. 400 B.C. 300 B.C. 200 B.C. 399 B.C. 330 B.C. c. 287 B.C. Socrates Alexander the Mathematician and sentenced Great conquers inventor Archimedes to death Persian Empire is born 150 Unit Title
2. Chapter Preview Chapter Overview Visit jat.glencoe.com for a preview Many Greeks studied science, philosophy, mathematics, of Chapter 5. and the arts. When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, he spread Greek culture and ideas throughout southwest Asia and the Mediterranean world. View the Chapter 5 video in the World History: Journey Across Time Video Program. The Culture of Ancient Greece The Greeks made great strides in the arts. Greek poetry, art, and drama are still part of our world today. Greek Philosophy and History The Greeks’ love of wisdom led to the study of history, politics, biology, and logic. Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was only 25 years old when he conquered the Persian Empire. As a result of his conquests, Greek art, ideas, language, and architecture spread throughout southwest Asia and North Africa. The Spread of Greek Culture Greek cities became centers of learning and culture. Greek scientists developed advanced ideas about astronomy and mathematics. Organizing Information Make the following foldable to help you organize information about Greek culture and philosophy. Step 1 Fold two sheets of paper Step 2 Place glue Reading and Writing 1 in half from top to bottom. or tape along both —— As you read the chapter, 2 inch tabs. list the developments Fold both that occurred in ancient sheets to leave 1 Greece. Write the 2 inch tab on top. developments under the correct foldable category. Alexander the Great The Spread of Greek Culture Step 3 Fit both The ee k Cultureof Gr ilo- sheets of paper Step 4 Turn the Ancient Ph y ph together to make Greece so cube and label the a cube as shown. foldable as shown. 151
3. Using Context Clues When you have trouble understanding the words in a pas- sage, it is very difficult to get the author’s message. You may know part of a word’s definition or even how to pronounce it, but you still may not understand its full meaning. Look at the word inspiration in the following paragraph. Use the highlighted words to help you understand its meaning. The key to Alexander’s courage may have been his childhood edu- Look at phrases around the word cation. Alexander kept a copy of to find clues to the Iliad under his pillow. Most its meaning. likely his inspiration was Homer’s warrior-hero Achilles. In the end, Alexander’s reputation outstripped even Achilles’, and today he is called Alexander the Great. —from page 177 r- y o u d o n’t unde W hen a In this paragraph, the word word or stand a the inspiration means some- o nc e p t , reread aph. thing that influences or has c e n c e o r paragr sen t ha t an effect on someone. o t h e r words t ts Find e y o u c lues to i will giv . 152 meaning
4. What Does It Mean? Read to Write Turn to any page in this Read the following paragraph about Aesop. Write down chapter. Close your eyes all the words or phrases that help you fully understand the and point to a word. It meaning of the word fable. can be any word, even “a” or “the.” Now write a paragraph explaining how the rest of the About 550 B.C., a Greek slave words in the sentence or paragraph where that named Aesop (EE • SAHP) made word appears helped up his now famous fables. A you to determine its fable (FAY • buhl) is a short tale meaning. that teaches a lesson. In most of Aesop’s fables, animals talk and act like people. These often funny stories point out human flaws as well as strengths. Each fable ends with a message, or moral. —from page 158 Aesop As you read the chapter, create five word webs. Put an important word or idea in a center circle. Surround it with circles containing words from the text that help explain it. 153 Alinari/Art Resource, NY
5. The Culture of Ancient Greece What’s the Connection? Meeting People You have read that under Pericles, Homer (HOH • muhr) Athens became a center of beauty Aesop (EE • SAHP) and culture. During this Golden Age, Sophocles (SAH • fuh • KLEEZ) Greek thinkers, writers, and artists Euripides (yu • RIH • puh • DEEZ) contributed many new ideas to the world. Building Your Vocabulary myth (MIHTH) Focusing on the oracle (AWR • uh • kuhl) • The Greeks believed that gods and epic (EH • pihk) goddesses controlled nature and shaped their lives. (page 155) fable (FAY • buhl) drama (DRAH • muh) • Greek poetry and fables taught Greek tragedy (TRA • juh • dee) values. (page 157) comedy (KAH • muh • dee) • Greek drama still shapes entertain- ment today. (page 160) Reading Strategy • Greek art and architecture expressed Compare and Contrast Create a Greek ideas of beauty and harmony. Venn diagram showing similarities and (page 162) differences between an epic and a fable. Locating Places Mount Olympus (uh • LIHM • puhs) Epic Both Fable Delphi (DEHL • FY) 700 B.C. 600 B.C. 500 B.C. c. 700s B.C. c. 550 B.C. c. 500s B.C. GREECE Homer writes the Aesop writes Greek architects Athens Iliad and Odyssey a series of begin using marble Olympia fables columns 154 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization
6. Greek Mythology Greek Gods and Goddesses The Greeks (cw from top)Bettman/CORBIS, The Art Archive/National Archaeological Museum Athens/Dagli Orti, The Art Archive/Achaeological Museum Tarquina/Dagli Orti, Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, The Art Archive/Archaeological Museum Venice/Dagli Orti, Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK/Bridgeman Art Library, Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, Peter Willi/Bridgeman Art Library, Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS believed that the gods and goddesses The Greeks believed that gods and controlled nature. According to Greek goddesses controlled nature and shaped their lives. myth, the god Zeus ruled the sky and Reading Focus Have you ever wondered why crops threw lightning bolts, the goddess grow or why the sun rises and sets? To get the answer, Demeter made the crops grow, and the you would read a science book. Read to learn how the god Poseidon caused earthquakes. Greeks used religion to explain nature. The 12 most important gods and goddesses lived on Mount Olympus Myths (MIHTHS) are traditional stories (uh • LIHM • puhs), the highest mountain about gods and heroes. Greek mythology in Greece. Among the 12 were Zeus, expressed the Greek people’s religious beliefs. who was the chief god; Athena, the The Greeks believed in many gods and god- goddess of wisdom and crafts; Apollo, desses. They believed gods and goddesses the god of the sun and poetry; Ares, the affected people’s lives and shaped events. god of war; Aphrodite, the goddess of That is why the most impressive buildings in love; and Poseidon, the god of the seas Greek cities were religious temples. and earthquakes. The Greeks believed their gods and goddesses were a large family—all related in some way. 1. Who was the twin sister of Apollo? 2. Explain How were Ares and Zeus related?
7. The Greeks also believed in an afterlife. When people died, the Greeks believed their spirits went to a gloomy world beneath the earth ruled by a god named Hades. What Was a Greek Oracle? The Greeks believed that each person had a fate or des- tiny. They believed that certain events were going to happen no matter what they did. They also believed in prophecy. A prophecy is a prediction about the future. The Greeks believed that the gods gave prophecies to people to warn them about the future in time to change it. To find out about the future, many Greeks visited an oracle (AWR • uh • kuhl). This was a sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess. The most famous was the oracle at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi (DEHL • FY). The oracle chamber was deep inside the temple. The room had an opening in the floor where vol- canic smoke hissed from a crack in the earth. A priestess sat on a tripod—a three- This painting shows a Greek man at the oracle legged stool—in the oracle chamber and lis- at Delphi receiving a prophecy. Why were these tened to questions. The priests translated prophecies often confusing? her answers. State leaders or their messen- But Greek gods and goddesses were not gers traveled to Delphi to ask advice from thought to be all-powerful. According to the oracle of Apollo. Greek myths, even though gods had special The priestess in the oracle often gave powers, they looked like human beings and answers in riddles. When one king, named acted like them. They married, had children, Croesus (KREE • suhs), sent messengers to the quarreled, played tricks on each other, and oracle at Delphi, they asked if the king fought wars. should go to war with the Persians. The ora- Because Greeks sought their gods’ favor, cle replied that if Croesus attacked the they followed many rituals. A ritual is a set of Persians, he would destroy a mighty empire. actions carried out in a fixed way. As part of Overjoyed to hear these words, Croesus their rituals, the Greeks prayed to their gods declared war on the Persians. The Persian and also gave them gifts. In return, they army crushed his army. The mighty empire hoped that the gods would grant good King Croesus had destroyed was his own! fortune to them. Many Greek festivals hon- Explain Why did the ored the gods and goddesses. Festivals dedi- Greeks have rituals and festivals for their gods cated to Zeus were held at Olympia. and goddesses? 156 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization Mary Evans Picture Library
8. Greek Poetry and Fables heroic deeds. The first great epics of early Greece were the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Greek poetry and fables taught Greek poet Homer (HOH • muhr) wrote these epics values. during the 700s B.C. He based them on sto- Reading Focus Do you have favorite stories? Are the ries of a war between Greece and the city of characters in the stories brave and clever? Read about Troy, which once existed in what is today the characters of the best-loved stories in early Greece. northwestern Turkey. In the Iliad, a prince of Troy kidnaps the Greek poems and stories are the oldest wife of the king of Sparta. The kidnapping in the Western world. For hundreds of outrages the Greeks. The king of Mycenae years, Europeans and Americans have and the brother of the king of Sparta lead used these early works as models for their the Greeks in an attack on Troy. own poems and stories. Shakespeare, for The battle for Troy drags on for example, borrowed many Greek plots and 10 years. Finally, the Greeks come up with settings. a plan to take the city. They build a huge, The earliest Greek stories were epics hollow, wooden horse. The best My- (EH • pihks). These long poems told about cenaean warriors hide inside the horse. The Trojan Horse After building the Trojan horse, the Greeks returned to their ships and pretended to retreat. Despite warnings, the Trojans brought the horse within their city as a war trophy. The Greeks inside the horse opened the city gates for their fellow soldiers and captured the city. What epic included the story of the Trojan horse? Clay carving of the Trojan horse James L. Stanfield/National Geographic Society Image Collection
9. The Trojans, thinking the horse was a gift from the Greeks, celebrate and roll the Aesop giant horse into the city. That night, the Greek warriors quietly climb from the horse and capture the city. The Odyssey tells the story of Odysseus, another Greek hero. It describes his journey home from the Trojan War. Odysseus faces storms, witches, and giants before return- ing to his wife. Because it took Odysseus 10 years to get home, we use the word odyssey today to mean a long journey with many Greeks believed the Iliad and the Odyssey were more than stories. They looked on the epics as real history. These poems gave the Greeks an ideal past with a cast of heroes. Generations of Greeks read Homer’s works. One Athenian wrote, “My father was anxious to see me develop into a good man . . . [so] he compelled me According to legend, Aesop was freed from to memorize all of Homer.” slavery and became an adviser to Greek rulers. What is a fable? Homer’s stories taught courage and honor. They also taught that it was impor- tant to be loyal to your friends and to value halfway into the race, the hare is way ahead. the relationship between husband and He stops to rest and falls asleep. Meanwhile, wife. The stories showed heroes striving to the tortoise keeps going at a slow but steady be the best they could be. Heroes fought to pace and finally wins the race. protect their own honor and their family’s The moral of the story is “slow and honor. Homer’s heroes became role models steady wins the race.” Some of the phrases for Greek boys. we hear today came from Aesop’s fables. “Sour grapes,” “a wolf in sheep’s clothing,” and “appearances often are deceiving” are Who Was Aesop? About 550 B.C., a Greek examples. slave named Aesop (EE • SAHP) made up his For about 200 years, Aesop’s fables now famous fables. A fable (FAY • buhl) is a were a part of Greece’s oral tradition. This short tale that teaches a lesson. In most of means they were passed from person to Aesop’s fables, animals talk and act like person by word of mouth long before they people. These often funny stories point out were ever written down. Since then, count- human flaws as well as strengths. Each less writers have retold the stories in many fable ends with a message, or moral. different languages. One of the best-known fables is “The Tortoise and the Hare.” In this fable, a tor- Describe What are the toise and a hare decide to race. More than characteristics of a fable? 158 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization Alinari/Art Resource, NY
10. HO0M. E. R Homer c. 75 BC the Homer’s epic poems—the Iliad and 1900s, Odyssey—are famous, but until the existed. historians believed that Homer never real person, Historians now know Homer was a te his but they still debate whether he wro er poets. poems alone or with the help of oth made Many historians have speculated, or personal life. educated guesses, about Homer’s Ionia and Some say that Homer came from ace. Some seven cities claim to be his birthpl ieve believe that he was blind. Others bel n. that he wandered from town to tow Legends tell of Homer’s strong le, as a influence on his readers. For examp said to young child, Alexander the Great is under his have slept with a copy of the Iliad pillow. poet. This word Homer used the term aoidos for a means “singer,” which tells us that the poetry created “I hate as I hate [Hades’] during Homer’s time was memorize d and recited, not own gate that man poems that were written down. Usually, short, simple who hides one thought audience as easy to remember were told to an entertainment. within him while he poetry that Homer created a different style of speaks another.” t followed. His influenced all Western literature tha ——Homer, the Iliad characters, dramatic epics are long and involve complex ause each section action, and interesting events. Bec se characteristics, of the Iliad and the Od yssey has the y one poet most historians today think that onl oever could have created both epics. Wh Homer was, his two epics have influenced readers for more than Review the characteristics of an epi c. Then do 3,000 years. research to identify a modern epic. 159 Scala/Art Resource, NY
11. Greek Drama Today’s movies, plays, and television shows are all examples of drama. Greek drama still shapes entertain- ment today. Tragedies and Comedies The Greeks per- Reading Focus Think about your favorite movie. formed plays in outdoor theaters as part of How would you describe it? Is it a tragedy? Is it a their religious festivals. They developed two comedy? Read to find out how Greek plays still influ- kinds of dramas—comedies and tragedies. ence our entertainment. In a tragedy (TRA • juh • dee), a person struggles to overcome difficulties but fails. What is drama (DRAH • muh)? Drama is a As a result, the story has an unhappy end- story told by actors who pretend to be ing. Early Greek tragedies presented people characters in the story. In a drama, actors in a struggle against their fate. Later Greek speak, show emotion, and imitate the tragedies showed how a person’s character actions of the characters they represent. flaws caused him or her to fail. The Theater A modern-day play Tragedies and comedies were staged at a theater on the slopes of the Acropolis in Athens. The plays included music and dance. Greek actors wore costumes and held large masks. The masks told the audience who the actor was supposed to be—a king, a soldier, or a god. All the actors were men, even those playing female parts. Actors today include both men and women—and even children and animals. Special effects and makeup have replaced handheld masks. Music in modern theater is sometimes just as important as the actors’ words. If you watched a Greek play, what might it tell you about life in ancient Greece? Ruins of a Greek theater 160 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization (l)SuperStock, (r)Eric Robert/CORBIS
12. In a comedy (KAH • muh • dee), the story ends happily. Today we use the word comedy to mean a story filled with humor. The word actually means any drama that has a happy Greek stories dealt with big questions, such as: • What is the nature of good and evil? • What rights should people have? • What role do gods play in our lives? The three best-known writers of Greek tragedies were Aeschylus (EHS • kuh • luhs), Sophocles (SAH • fuh • KLEEZ), and Euripides (yu • RIH • puh • DEEZ). The best-known writer of Greek comedies was Aristophanes (ar • uh • STAH • fuh • NEEZ). This artwork shows Early Greek tragedies had only one actor actors preparing for who gave speeches and a chorus that sang a play. When and where were Greek songs describing the events. Aeschylus was plays performed? the first to introduce the idea of having two actors. This let the writer tell a story involving Comedy and conflict between the two people. Aeschylus tragedy masks also introduced costumes, props, and stage decorations—all ideas we still use today. One of Aeschylus’s best-known plays asks the question “Is it better to follow is a group of three plays called the Oresteia orders or to do what is right?” (ohr • eh • STY • uh). Aeschylus wrote the Euripides, a later playwright, tried to plays in 458 B.C. They describe what hap- take Greek drama beyond heroes and gods. pens when the king of Mycenae returns His characters were more down-to-earth. home from the Trojan War. The Oresteia Euripides’ plots show a great interest in teaches that evil acts cause more evil acts real-life situations. He questioned tradi- and suffering. In the end, however, reason tional thinking, especially about war. He triumphs over evil. The moral of these showed war as cruel and women and chil- plays is that people should not seek dren as its victims. revenge. The works of Aristophanes are good Sophocles, a general and a writer of plays, examples of comedies. They make fun of developed drama even further. He used leading politicians and scholars. They three actors in his stories instead of one or encourage the audience to think as well as two. He also placed painted scenes behind to laugh. Many of Aristophanes’ plays the stage as a backdrop to the action. Two of included jokes, just like popular television Sophocles’ most famous plays are Oedipus comedies do today. Rex (EH • duh • puhs REHKS) and Antigone Summarize What two (an • TIH • guh • nee) In Antigone, Sophocles types of drama did the Greeks create? CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 161 (t)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Mary Evans Picture Library
13. Greek Art and Architecture see reason, moderation, balance, and har- mony in their work. They hoped their art Greek art and architecture expressed would inspire people to base their lives on Greek ideas of beauty and harmony. these same ideas. Reading Focus Do you consider any building in We know that the Greeks painted your neighborhood a work of art? Read on to find murals, but none of them have survived. out about buildings that people have admired as art However, we can still see examples of for centuries. Greek painting on Greek pottery. The pic- tures on most Greek pottery are either red Artists in ancient Greece believed in cer- on a black background or black on a red tain ideas and tried to show those ideas in background. Large vases often had scenes their work. These ideas have never gone from Greek myths. Small drinking cups out of style. Greek artists wanted people to showed scenes from everyday life. The Parthenon Standing at almost 230 feet long and 100 feet wide, the Parthenon was the glory of ancient Athens. It was built between 447 and 432 B.C. What was the purpose of the Parthenon? Doric Ionic Corinthian Treasure Room Held the city's gold The Greeks used three different styles of columns in their buildings. Athena The statue of Athena, covered in ivory and gold, was about 43 feet high. Festival Athenians came to honor Athena every four years. Today the Parthenon still rises above Athens. 162 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization (tl)Joel W. Rogers/CORBIS, (tc)Dave Bartruff/CORBIS, (tr)Vanni Archive/CORBIS, (b)Charles O’Rear/CORBIS
14. In addition to making pottery, the them from toppling, the column’s sections Greeks were skilled architects. Architecture were joined with wooden pegs. Today, is the art of designing and building struc- marble columns are common features of tures. In Greece, the most important archi- churches and government buildings. tecture was the temple dedicated to a god or Some of the best-known buildings in our goddess. The best-known example is the nation’s capital, such as the White House Parthenon. Temples, such as the Parthenon, and the Capitol, have columns similar to had a walled room in their centers. Statues Greek columns. of gods and goddesses and the gifts offered Many Greek temples were decorated to them were kept in these central rooms. with sculpture. Greek sculpture, like Greek Large columns supported many Greek architecture, was used to express Greek buildings. The first Greek columns were ideas. The favorite subject of Greek artists carved from wood. Then, in 500 B.C., the was the human body. Greek sculptors did Greeks began to use marble. Marble not copy their subjects exactly, flaws and columns were built in sections. Large all. Instead, they tried to show their ideal blocks of marble were chiseled from stone version of perfection and beauty. quarries and brought by oxen-drawn Identify What was wagon to the building site. The sections the most important type of building in ancient were stacked on top of each other. To keep Greece? Study Central™ Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. How and why did the Greeks honor their gods? 6. Make Generalizations Why did Greek artists include the Review the 2. What values did the epic poems ideas of reason, moderation, • The Greeks believed gods and balance, and harmony in their goddesses influenced their lives. of Homer teach Greeks? works? They believed oracles spoke for the gods and goddesses. Critical Thinking 7. Expository Writing Greek lit- 3. Contrast How do Greek erature tells us what the Greeks • The Greeks wrote long poems, tragedies and comedies differ? thought was important. Choose called epics, and short tales, called a modern book, movie, or televi- 4. Summarizing Information fables, to pass on Greek values. sion show. Write a paragraph to Draw a table to describe the explain what it would tell others • The Greeks created the ideas of characteristics of Greek archi- about our society. tragedy and comedy that are still tecture and pottery. used in drama today. 8. Context Clues Greek Architecture Explain how the words in the • Greek art forms, such as painting, Greek Pottery following sentence would help architecture, and sculpture, you find the meaning of the expressed Greek ideas of beauty, 5. Evaluate Do you think the word moral. harmony, and moderation. themes of Euripides’ plays “The moral of the story is ‘slow would be popular today? and steady wins the race.’” CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 163
15. Retold by Josephine Preston Peabody Before You Read The Scene: This story takes place on the Greek island of Crete in the legendary time when both humans and gods lived in ancient Greece. The Characters: Daedalus is the master architect for King Minos of Crete. Icarus is the son of Daedalus. The Plot: King Minos once liked and trusted his servant, the architect Daedalus. The king’s favor, though, soon runs out and he locks Daedalus and his son, Icarus, in a high tower. Daedalus secretly plans to escape. Vocabulary Preview mortal: human reel: to turn or seem to turn around veer: to shift or change direction and around waver: to become unsteady quench: to satisfy or put an end to a need or desire rash: done without thought or preparation vainly: without success Have you ever known someone who ignored warnings and did something dangerous? This is the story of a young boy who does not listen to his father and suffers the consequences.
16. As You Read Keep in mind that a myth is a special kind of story, usually involving gods or goddesses. Greek myths, like this one, were told and retold over many hundreds of years. Try to figure out ¢ why the Greeks told this story. What lesson does it teach? Among all those mortals who grew so wise that they learned the 1 secrets of the gods, none was more cunning than Daedalus. He once built, for King Minos of Crete, a wonderful Labyrinth of winding ways so cunningly tangled up and twisted around that, once inside, you could never find your way out again without a magic clue. But the king’s favor veered with the wind, and one day he had his master architect imprisoned in a tower. Daedalus managed to escape from his cell; but it seemed impossible to leave the island, since every ship that came or went was well guarded by order of the king. At length, watching the sea-gulls in the air—the only creatures that were sure of liberty,—he thought of a plan for himself and his 2 young son Icarus, who was captive with him. Little by little, he gathered a store of feathers great and small. He fastened these together with thread, moulded them in with wax, and so fashioned two great wings like those of a bird. When they were done, Daedalus fitted them to his own shoulders, and after one or two efforts, he found that by waving his arms he could 3 winnow the air and cleave it, as a swimmer does the sea. He held himself aloft, wavered this way and that with 4 the wind, and at last, like a great fledgling, he learned to fly. Daedalus (DEH • duhl • uhs): architect for King Minos Icarus (IH • kuh • ruhs): son of Daedalus winnow . . . and cleave: here, both mean “to separate or divide” fledgling: a young bird without feathers that cannot yet fly 165
17. Without delay, he fell to work on a pair of wings for the boy Icarus, and taught him carefully how to use them, bidding him beware of rash adventures among the stars. “Remember,” said the father, “never fly very low or very high, for the fogs about the earth would weigh you down, but the blaze of the sun will surely melt your feathers apart if you go too near.” For Icarus, these cautions went in at one ear and out by the other. Who could remember to be careful when he was to fly for the first time? Are birds careful? Not they! And not an idea remained in the boy’s head but the one joy of escape. The day came, and the fair wind that was to set them free. The father bird put on his wings, and, while the light urged them to be gone, he waited to see that all was well with Icarus, for the two could not fly hand in hand. Up they rose, the boy after his father. The hateful ground of Crete sank beneath them; and the country folk, who caught a glimpse of them when they were high above the tree-tops, took it for a vision of the gods,—Apollo,5 6 perhaps, with Cupid after him. At first there was a terror in the joy. The wide vacancy of the air dazed them,—a glance downward made their brains reel. But when a great wind filled their wings, and Icarus felt 7 8 himself sustained, like a halcyon-bird in the hollow of a wave, like a child uplifted by his mother, he forgot everything in the world but joy. He forgot Crete and the other islands that he had passed over: he saw but vaguely that winged thing in the distance before him that was his father Daedalus. 5 Apollo: Greek god of the sun 6 Cupid: Greek god of love 7 sustained: to be kept from falling 8 halcyon-bird: also kingfisher, flies close to the water to catch fish
18. 9 He longed for one draught of flight to quench the thirst of his captivity: he stretched out his arms to the sky and made toward the highest heavens. Alas for him! Warmer and warmer grew the air. Those arms, that had seemed to uphold him, relaxed. His wings wavered, drooped. He fluttered his young hands vainly,—he was falling,—and in that terror he remembered. The heat of the sun had melted the wax from his wings; the feathers were falling, one by one, like snowflakes; and there was none to help. He fell like a leaf tossed down the wind, down, down, with one cry that overtook Daedalus far away. When he returned, and sought high and low for the poor boy, he saw nothing but the bird-like feathers afloat on the water, and he knew that Icarus was drowned. The nearest island he named Icaria, in memory of the child; but he, in heavy grief, went to the temple of Apollo in Sicily, and there hung up his wings as an offering. Never again did he attempt to fly. ¢ draught: here, means “a taste” Responding to the Reading 1. What does King Minos do to keep Daedalus and Icarus from escaping from Crete? 2. How does the setting of the story influence the plot? Support your ideas with details from the story. 3. Drawing Conclusions Do you think Daedalus is a concerned father? Why or why not? Support your opinion with examples. 4. Evaluating Information Why does Icarus disobey his father’s words of caution? 5. Read to Write Imagine you are Icarus. Would you listen to your father’s advice? Write one or two paragraphs explaining what you would have done and why. 167
19. Greek Philosophy and History What’s the Connection? Building Your Vocabulary Section 1 discussed early Greek philosophy (fuh • LAH • suh • fee) artists and writers. Many of them philosopher (fuh • LAH • suh • fuhr) made the years between 500 and Sophist (SAH • fihst) 350 B.C. the Golden Age for Greece. Socratic method (suh • KRA • tihk) Greek thinkers and historians also produced works that shape people’s Reading Strategy views of the world today. Categorizing Information Use diagrams like the one below to show Focusing on the the basic philosophies of Socrates, • Greek philosophers developed ideas Plato, and Aristotle. that are still used today. (page 169) • Greeks wrote the first real histories in Western civilization. (page 173) Meeting People Pythagoras (puh • THA • guh • ruhs) Socrates Socrates (SAH • kruh • TEEZ) Plato (PLAY • TOH) Aristotle (AR • uh • STAH • tuhl) Herodotus (hih • RAH • duh • tuhs) Thucydides (thoo • SIH • duh • DEEZ) 500 B.C. 400 B.C. 300 B.C. 435 B.C. 399 B.C. 335 B.C. Herodotus Socrates Aristotle opens writes history sentenced the Lyceum of Persian Wars to death in Athens 168 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization Scala/Art Resource, NY
20. Greek Philosophers Many philosophers were teachers. One Greek philosopher, Pythagoras (puh • THA • Greek philosophers developed ideas guh • ruhs), taught his pupils that the uni- that are still used today. verse followed the same laws that governed Reading Focus Who are you? Why are you here? music and numbers. He believed that all Read to learn how the ancient Greeks tried to answer relationships in the world could be similar “big” questions. expressed in numbers. As a result, he devel- oped many new ideas about mathematics. Most people know his name because of the The word philosophy (fuh • LAH • suh • fee) Pythagorean theorem that is still used in comes from the Greek word for “love of wis- geometry. It is a way to determine the dom.” Greek philosophy led to the study of length of the sides of a triangle. history, political science, science, and mathe- matics. Greek thinkers who believed the Who Were the Sophists? The Sophists human mind could understand everything (SAH • fihsts) were professional teachers in were called philosophers (fuh • LAH • suh • fuhrs). ancient Greece. They traveled from city to This artwork shows Greek philosophers involved in a discussion. Where does the word philosophy come from? CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 169 Scala/Art Resource, NY
21. Greek Philosophers Sophists Socrates Plato Aristotle Thinker Or Group Main Idea Sophists like Libanius He was a critic of He rejected the idea Aristotle taught the (above) thought that the Sophists. Socrates of democracy as a idea of the “golden people should use believed that there form of government. mean.” He believed knowledge to improve was an absolute Plato believed that observation and themselves. They right and wrong. philosopher-kings comparison were believed that there should rule society. necessary to gain is no absolute knowledge. right or wrong. Important They developed the He created the He described his He wrote over 200 Contribution art of public speak- Socratic method vision of the ideal books on philoso- ing and debate. of teaching. government phy and science. He in his work the divided all govern- Republic. ments into three basic types. Influence The importance of His methods He introduced the His political ideas on Today public speaking can influenced the way idea that govern- still shape political be seen in political teachers interact ment should be ideas today. debates between with their students. fair and just. candidates. city and made a living by teaching others. Socrates believed that an absolute truth They believed students should use their existed and that all real knowledge was time to improve themselves. Many taught within each person. He invented the their students how to win an argument and Socratic method (suh • KRA • tihk) of teaching make good political speeches. still used today. He asked pointed questions Sophists did not believe that gods and to force his pupils to use their reason and to goddesses influenced people. They also see things for themselves. rejected the idea of absolute right or wrong. Some Athenian leaders considered the They believed that what was right for one Socratic method a threat to their power. At person might be wrong for another. one time, Athens had a tradition of ques- tioning leaders and speaking freely. The Ideas of Socrates One critic of the However, their defeat in the Peloponnesian Sophists was Socrates (SAH • kruh • TEEZ). War changed the Athenians. They no longer Socrates was an Athenian sculptor whose trusted open debate. In 399 B.C. the leaders true love was philosophy. Socrates left no accused Socrates of teaching young writings behind. What we know about Athenians to rebel against the state. A jury him we have learned from the writings of found Socrates guilty and sentenced him to his students. death. Socrates could have fled the city, but 170 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (cl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (cr)Museo Capitolino, Rome/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (r)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY
22. he chose to remain. He argued that he had should not eat too little or too much but just lived under the city’s laws, so he had to enough to stay well. obey them. He then drank poison to carry Aristotle also helped to advance science. out the jury’s sentence. He urged people to use their senses to make observations, just as scientists today make observations. Aristotle was the first person The Ideas of Plato One of Socrates’ stu- to group observations according to their sim- dents was Plato (PLAY • toh). Unlike Socrates, ilarities and differences. Then he made gen- we are able to learn a lot about Plato from eralizations based on the groups of facts. his writings. One work Plato wrote is called Like Plato, Aristotle wrote about gov- the Republic. It explains his ideas about gov- ernment. He studied and compared the ernment. Based on life in Athens, Plato governments of 158 different places to find decided that democracy was not a good the best form of government. In his book system of government. He did not think Politics, Aristotle divided the governments that rule by the people produced fair or sen- into three types: sible policies. To him, people could not live • Government by one person, such as a good lives unless they had a just and rea- monarch (king or queen) or a tyrant sonable government. • Government by a few people, which In the Republic, Plato described his ideal might be an aristocracy or an government. He divided people into three oligarchy basic groups. At the top were philosopher- • Government by many people, as in a kings, who ruled using logic and wisdom. democracy Warriors made up the second group. They defended the state from attack. Aristotle noticed that governments run The third group included the rest of the by a few people were usually run by the people. They were driven by desire, not by rich. He noticed that most democracies wisdom like the first group or courage like were run by the poor. He thought the best the second. These people produced the government was a mixture of the two. state’s food, clothing, and shelter. Plato also Aristotle’s ideas shaped the way believed that men and women should have Europeans and Americans thought about the same education and an equal chance to government. The founders of the United have the same jobs. States Constitution tried to create a mixed government that balanced the different types Aristotle had identified. Who Was Aristotle? Plato established a school in Athens known as the Academy. His Contrast How did best student was Aristotle (AR • uh • STAH • tuhl). Aristotle’s idea of government differ from Plato’s? Aristotle wrote more than 200 books on topics ranging from government to the planets and stars. In 335 B.C. Aristotle opened his own school called the Lyceum. At the Lyceum, Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and click Aristotle taught his pupils the “golden on Chapter 5—Student Web Activity to learn mean.” This idea holds that a person should more about ancient Greece. do nothing in excess. For example, a person CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 171
23. PLAoTc.O428–A34N D ARISTOTLE Plat 7 . . BC Aristotle 384–322 B.C. and had planned a career in Plato was from a noble Greek family d by the death of his teacher, politics. However, he was so horrifie nt many years traveling and Socrates, that he left politics and spe ens in 387 B.C., he founded an writing. When Plato returned to Ath rates’ method of questioning. His academy, where he taught using Soc ts from Athens and other Greek academy drew bright young studen ond the appearances of city-states. Plato looked for truth bey philosophy in his writing and everyday objects and reflected this l was the connection between teaching. He believed the human sou the appearance of things and ideas. atest ancient Greek Plato and Aristotle—two of the gre dent at Plato’s Academy in Plato philosophers—met as teacher and stu on the Aca dem y’s gira and arrived Athens. Aristotle left his home in Sta y for rs old. He remained at Plato’s Academ doorstep when he was eighteen yea e from r. Unlike Plato, Aristotle did not com 20 years, until the death of his teache an early ily. His fath er was the cou rt phy sician to the king of Macedonia. At a noble fam and these totle’s father intr odu ced him to the topics of medicine and biology, age, Aris tematic , scientific Aristotle sought truth through a sys became his main interests of study. and details about different approach. He liked to jot down notes avior—and arrange them in topics—from weather to human beh ses’ ability to understand the categories. He did not trust the sen universe. for about 12 years. After Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled the Great. Later in his life, he He also tutored the future Alexander school, the Lyceum. He returned to Athens and opened his own in every area of made his school the center for research knowledge known to the Greeks. demy. Aristotle spent 20 years at Plato’s Aca s of study What present-day careers or subject require lifelong learning? Aristotle (t)SEF/Art Resource, NY, (b) Scala/Art Resource, NY
24. Greek Historians Many historians consider Thucydides (thoo • SIH • duh • DEEZ) the greatest historian of Greeks wrote the first real histories in the ancient world. Thucydides fought in the Western civilization. Peloponnesian War. After he lost a battle, he Reading Focus Why is history important? Read on to was sent into exile. There he wrote his find out what Greek historians thought was important. History of the Peloponnesian War. Unlike Herodotus, Thucydides saw war In most places in the ancient world, peo- and politics as the activities of human ple did not write history. Legends and beings, not gods. He also stressed the myths explained their past. Some civiliza- importance of having accurate facts: tions kept long lists of rulers and the dates they were in power, but no one tried to Either I was present myself at the explain the past by studying events. Then, events which I have described or in 435 B.C., a Greek named Herodotus (hih • else I heard of them from eye- RAH • duh • tuhs) wrote the history of the witnesses whose reports I have Persian Wars. checked with as much In his book, Herodotus tried to separate thoroughness as possible. fact from legend. He asked questions, recorded answers, and checked the truthful- —Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War ness of his sources. Although his history includes some errors and uses gods and god- desses to explain some events, Western histo- Identify How did rians consider him the “father of history.” Thucydides view war and politics? Study Central™ Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Who were the Sophists and what were their beliefs? 4. Science Link How are Aristotle’s teachings related to Review the the scientific method used by 2. Before Herodotus, how did • The ideas of Greek philosophers, Greeks explain the past? scientists today? including Socrates, Plato, and 5. Contrast What is different Aristotle, still affect modern Critical Thinking about the works of Herodotus thinking about education, gov- 3. Organizing Information and Thucydides? ernment, and science. Draw a diagram like the one below. Use the diagram to 6. Summarize Describe organize Plato’s ideas about an Aristotle’s contributions to • Herodotus and Thucydides are ideal government. government. considered western civilization’s first historians. They believed 7. Persuasive Writing Do you that people could understand the agree with Plato’s vision of the present by studying the past. ideal state in the Republic? Write an editorial expressing your viewpoint. CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 173
25. Alexander the Great What’s the Connection? Meeting People In Section 2, you learned that the Philip II Greek philosopher Aristotle was also Alexander the Great a teacher. The king of Macedonia admired Greek culture and hired Building Your Vocabulary Aristotle to tutor his son, Alexander. legacy (LEH • guh • see) Years later, his son would take Hellenistic Era (HEH • luh • NIHS • tihk) control of the Greek world. Focusing on the Reading Strategy Sequencing Create a diagram like the • Philip II of Macedonia united the one below to track the achievements Greek states. (page 175) of Alexander the Great. • Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and spread Greek culture throughout southwest Asia. (page 176) Locating Places Macedonia (MA • suh • DOH • nee • uh) Chaeronea (KEHR • uh • NEE • uh) Syria (SIHR • ee • uh) Alexandria (A • lihg • ZAN • dree • uh) 360 B.C. 340 B.C. 320 B.C. MACEDONIA 359 B.C. 331 B.C. 323 B.C. Philip II becomes Alexander Alexander dies Gaugamela king of Macedonia defeats Darius at Gaugamela Babylon 174 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization
26. Macedonia Attacks Greece their ideas, and their armies. Although Macedonia was influenced by Greek ideas, Philip II of Macedonia united the Greek Philip wanted to make his kingdom strong states. enough to defeat the mighty Persian Reading Focus Have you ever wanted something Empire. In order to achieve this goal, Philip because your neighbor had it? Read to find what the king needed to unite the Greek city-states with of Macedonia wanted from his neighbors, the Greeks. his own kingdom. Philip trained a vast army of foot sol- Macedonia (MA • suh • DOH • nee • uh) lay diers to fight like the Greeks. He took over north of Greece. The Macedonians raised the city-states one by one. He took some sheep and horses and grew crops in their city-states by force and bribed the leaders of river valleys. They were a warrior people others to surrender. Some united with his who fought on horseback. The Greeks looked kingdom voluntarily. down on them, but by 400 B.C., Macedonia Demosthenes (dih • MAHS • thuh • NEEZ) had become a powerful kingdom. was a lawyer and one of Athens’s great public speakers. He gave several powerful A Plan to Win Greece In 359 B.C. Philip II speeches warning Athenians that Philip rose to the throne in Macedonia. Philip had was a threat to Greek freedom. He urged lived in Greece as a young man. He admired Athens and other city-states to join together everything about the Greeks—their art, to fight the Macedonians. Demosthenes’ Warning Demosthenes As King Philip II of Macedonia became more powerful, he began to take part in the affairs of Greece. Demosthenes real- ized that Macedonia’s powerful army would eventually be a threat to Greece. He tried to warn the Greeks to take action. “Remember only that Philip is our enemy, that he has long been robbing and insulting us, that wherever we have expected aid from oth- ers we have found hostility, that the future depends on ourselves, and that unless we are willing to fight him there we shall perhaps be forced to fight here. . . . You need not speculate [guess] about the future except to assure yourselves that it will be disastrous unless you face the facts and are willing to do your duty.” Which line of Demosthenes’ speech tells —Demosthenes, “The First Philippic” in what he thinks will happen if the Greeks Orations of Demosthenes ignore Philip? CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 175 file photo
27. However, by the time the Greeks saw the danger, it was too late. The Peloponnesian Alexander Builds an Empire War had left the Greeks weak and divided. In Alexander the Great conquered the many Greek city-states, the population had Persian Empire and spread Greek culture through- declined after the Peloponnesian War. out southwest Asia. Fighting had destroyed many farms and left Reading Focus What will you be doing at age 20? people with no way to earn a living. As a Read to learn what Philip’s son Alexander achieved. result, thousands of young Greeks left Greece to join the Persian army. Many who stayed Philip planned to conquer the Persian behind began fighting among themselves. Empire with the Greeks’ help. Before Philip The city-states grew weaker. could carry out his plan, however, he was Although the Athenians joined some murdered. As a result, the invasion of Asia other Greek states to fight Philip’s army, they fell to his son. could not stop the invasion. In 338 B.C. the Alexander was only 20 when he became Macedonians crushed the Greek allies at the king of Macedonia. Philip had carefully Battle of Chaeronea (KEHR • uh • NEE • uh) near trained his son for leadership. While still a Thebes. Philip now controlled most of Greece. boy, Alexander often went with his father to Summarize Why did Philip II the battlefront. At age 16 he rose to com- invade Greece? mander in the Macedonian army. After his Alexander’s Empire 323 B.C. In Motion N D a nube R. E W 40°N Black Sea S MACEDONIA Granicus 334 B.C. Aegean ASIA Caspian Chaeronea Sea 338 B.C. MINOR Issus Sea Athens 333 B.C. Gaugamela 331 B.C. Ti gri E sR up Mediterranean Sea hr Babylon PERSIA Tyre SYRIA . ate Susa s R. Alexandria Persepolis . sR Indu Pe EGYPT KEY ia r Extent of empire n s Nil Alexander’s routes Gu 0 500 mi. lf eR of conquest Arabian . 500 km 0 Major battle Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Sea The Region Today UZBEKISTAN Alexander the Great’s empire 20°N BULGARIA stretched across three continents. TURKMENISTAN 1. Near what river was the Battle of GREECE TURKEY Gaugamela fought? IRAN AFGHANISTAN SYRIA 2. What modern countries make up LEBANON IRAQ KUWAIT the eastern borders of the empire? ISRAEL JORDAN PAKISTAN Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps SAUDI LIBYA EGYPT ARABIA
28. father’s death, Alexander was ready to ful- fill his father’s dream—the invasion of the Alexander the Great Persian Empire. Alexander’s Conquests In the spring of 334 B.C., Alexander invaded Asia Minor with about 37,000 Macedonian and Greek foot sol- diers. He also took along 5,000 mounted warriors. With Alexander at their head, the cavalry destroyed the forces of the local Persian satraps at the Battle of Granicus. By the next year, Alexander had freed the Greek cities in Asia Minor from Persian rule and defeated a large Persian army at Issus. He then turned south. By the winter of 332 B.C., he had captured Syria (SIHR • ee • uh) and Egypt. Then he built the city of This carving of Alexander the Great on his horse Alexandria (A • lihg • ZAN • dree • uh) as a cen- decorated the side of a tomb. Was Alexander ter of business and trade. The city became able to fulfill his plans of conquest? Explain. one of the most important cities in the ancient world. Alexander was as good as a drink for every In 331 B.C. Alexander headed east and man in the army.” defeated the Persians at Gaugamela, near In 323 B.C. Alexander returned to Babylon. After this victory, his army easily Babylon. He wanted to plan an invasion of overran the rest of the Persian Empire. southern Arabia but was very tired and weak However, Alexander did not stop at Persia. from wounds. He came down with a bad Over the next three years, he marched east fever. Ten days later he was dead at age 32. as far as modern Pakistan. In 326 B.C. he crossed the Indus River and entered India. Alexander’s Legacy Alexander was a There he fought a number of bloody battles. great military leader. He was brave and Weary of continuous war, his soldiers even reckless. He often rode into battle refused to go farther. Alexander agreed to ahead of his men and risked his own life. lead them home. He inspired his armies to march into On the return march, the troops crossed unknown lands and risk their lives in dif- a desert in what is now southern Iran. Heat ficult situations. and thirst killed thousands of soldiers. At The key to Alexander’s courage may one point, a group of soldiers found a little have been his childhood education. water and scooped it up in a helmet. Then Alexander kept a copy of the Iliad under his they offered the water to Alexander. pillow. Most likely his inspiration was According to a Greek historian, Alexander, Homer’s warrior-hero Achilles. In the end, “in full view of his troops, poured the water Alexander’s reputation outstripped even on the ground. So extraordinary was the Achilles’, and today he is called Alexander effect of this action that the water wasted by the Great. CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 177 Robert Harding Picture Library
29. The Empire Breaks Apart Alexander the (l)Yan Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS, (r)Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art Library A legacy (LEH • guh • see) is what a person leaves behind when he or she dies. Great planned to unite Macedonians, Alexander’s skill and daring created his Greeks, and Persians in his new empire. He legacy. He helped extend Greek and used Persians as officials and encouraged Macedonian rule over a vast area. At the his soldiers to marry Asian women. After same time, he and his armies spread Greek Alexander died, however, his generals art, ideas, language, and architecture wher- fought one another for power. As a result, ever they went in southwest Asia and the empire that Alexander had created fell northern Africa. Greeks, in turn, brought apart. Four kingdoms took its place: new ideas back from Asia and Africa. Macedonia, Pergamum (PUHR • guh • muhm), Alexander’s conquests marked the Egypt, and the Seleucid Empire (suh • LOO • beginning of the Hellenistic Era (HEH • luh • suhd). Look at the map on page 179 to see NIHS • tihk). The word Hellenistic comes from where these kingdoms were located. a Greek word meaning “like the Greeks.” It All government business in the refers to a time when the Greek language Hellenistic kingdoms was conducted in the and Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek Greek language. Only those Asians and people of southwest Asia. Egyptians who spoke Greek could apply Alexandria, Egypt Alexandria Modern Alexandria The lighthouse of Alexandria was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. A fire in its tall tower guided ships into harbor. What was special about Alexandria in 100 B.C.?
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