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Objective 1: Describe the structure of DNA. (shape, parts of a nucleotide, and location in the eukaryotic cell)
Objective 2: Describe the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes
Objective 3: Analyze the statement: “DNA is the unifying molecule of all living organisms.”
Objective 4. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA structure. (number of strands, bases, sugars)
Objective 5: Identify the importance of proteins in organisms.
Objective 6: Explain the process of transcription in protein synthesis. (location, why, how)
Objective 7: Explain the process of translation in protein synthesis. (location, why, how)
Objective 8: Describe the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins.
Objective 9: Describe how amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins.
Objective 10: Describe the different types of gene mutations and explain their effect on protein structure and function. (frameshift mutations, point mutation)
1.
Unit 5 Biology Notes
DNA
Objective 1: Describe the
structure of DNA. (shape,
parts of a nucleotide, and
location in the eukaryotic cell)
2.
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) a nucleic
acid that contains all of an individual’s
hereditary or genetic information.
• Shape:
Double helix ladder
3.
Nitrogen Bases Pair up to form the rungs
of the DNA twisted ladder.
• Adenine(A) Complementary Base Pairs
• Guanine(G) G–C
• Cytosine (C) A–T
• Thymine(T)
4.
2. __________:
Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are
bonded to a _____.
3. ________________:
5 carbon sugar that bonds with a
_________ to form the sides of the DNA
ladder.
5.
2. Phosphates:
Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are
bonded to a _____.
3. ________________:
5 carbon sugar that bonds with a
_________ to form the sides of the DNA
ladder.
6.
2. Phosphates:
Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are
bonded to a sugar.
3. ________________:
5 carbon sugar that bonds with a
_________ to form the sides of the DNA
ladder.
7.
2. Phosphates:
Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are
bonded to a sugar.
3. Deoxyribose sugar:
5 carbon sugar that bonds with a
_________ to form the sides of the DNA
ladder.
8.
2. Phosphates:
Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are
bonded to a sugar.
3. Deoxyribose sugar:
5 carbon sugar that bonds with a
phosphate to form the sides of the DNA
ladder.
10.
• Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made
up of _______________, ____________
and ___________________.
• Gene: A specific ____________
_________ in DNA that codes for one
______.
11.
• Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made
up of one nitrogen base, ____________
and ___________________.
• Gene: A specific ____________
_________ in DNA that codes for one
______.
12.
• Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made
up of one nitrogen base, one phosphate
and ___________________.
• Gene: A specific ____________
_________ in DNA that codes for one
______.
13.
• Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made
up of one nitrogen base, one phosphate
and one deoxyribose sugar.
• Gene: A specific ____________
_________ in DNA that codes for one
______.
14.
• Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made
up of one nitrogen base, one phosphate
and one deoxyribose sugar.
• Gene: A specific nitrogen base
sequence in DNA that codes for one
protein.
15.
• Location: DNA is located in the ______ of
the eukaryotic cell.
• Chromosome: A molecule of ____ that is
tightly coiled.
– A bunch of ______ makes up one
chromosome.
16.
• Location: DNA is located in the nucleus of
the eukaryotic cell.
• Chromosome: A molecule of ____ that is
tightly coiled.
– A bunch of ______ makes up one
chromosome.
17.
• Location: DNA is located in the nucleus of
the eukaryotic cell.
• Chromosome: A molecule of DNA that is
tightly coiled.
– A bunch of ______ makes up one
chromosome.
18.
• Location: DNA is located in the nucleus of
the eukaryotic cell.
• Chromosome: A molecule of DNA that is
tightly coiled.
– A bunch of genes makes up one
chromosome.
19.
• Location: DNA is located in the nucleus of
the eukaryotic cell.
• Chromosome: A molecule of DNA that is
tightly coiled.
– A bunch of genes makes up one
chromosome.
– Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
21.
Unit 4 Biology Notes
DNA, Genes, and
Chromosomes
Objective 2: Describe the
relationship between DNA,
genes, and chromosomes.
22.
DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes
Use your book to answer the following questions.
Use the index and glossary to help you find the
correct pages.
1. What is the function of DNA?
2. What is a gene?
3. How are DNA and genes related?
4. What are chromosomes?
23.
DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes
1. What is the function of DNA?
To store genetic information
2. What is a gene?
A gene is a section of the DNA
molecule or chromosome that codes
(carries the information) for making
one protein.
24.
DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes
3. How are DNA and genes related?
Genes are a specific nitrogen base
sequence in DNA.
4. What are chromosomes?
A chromosome is a molecule/strand of
DNA that is tightly coiled.
25.
Unit 4 Biology Notes
DNA as the Unifying
Molecule of Life
Objective 3: Analyze the
statement: “DNA is the
unifying molecule of all living
organisms.”
26.
DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life
• All living things have DNA in their cells
• All DNA is made of the same four basic
__________.
• All DNA has the same _____, _____
(nucleotides), and _______
• The more similar the sequence of
nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the
more closely _____ those organisms are to
each other.
27.
DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life
• All living things have DNA in their cells
• All DNA is made of the same four basic
nucleotides.
• All DNA has the same _____, _____
(nucleotides), and _______
• The more similar the sequence of
nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the
more closely _____ those organisms are to
each other.
28.
DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life
• All living things have DNA in their cells
• All DNA is made of the same four basic
nucleotides.
• All DNA has the same shape, _____
(nucleotides), and _______
• The more similar the sequence of
nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the
more closely _____ those organisms are to
each other.
29.
DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life
• All living things have DNA in their cells
• All DNA is made of the same four basic
nucleotides.
• All DNA has the same shape, parts
(nucleotides), and _______
• The more similar the sequence of
nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the
more closely _____ those organisms are to
each other.
30.
DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life
• All living things have DNA in their cells
• All DNA is made of the same four basic
nucleotides.
• All DNA has the same shape, parts
(nucleotides), and function
• The more similar the sequence of
nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the
more closely _____ those organisms are to
each other.
31.
DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life
• All living things have DNA in their cells
• All DNA is made of the same four basic
nucleotides.
• All DNA has the same shape, parts
(nucleotides), and function
• The more similar the sequence of
nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the
more closely related those organisms are to
each other.
32.
Unit 4 Biology Notes
DNA vs. RNA
Objective 4. Compare and
contrast DNA and RNA
structure. (number of strands,
bases, sugars)
33.
Differences between DNA and RNA
Category DNA RNA
Number of
Strands 2 1
Guanine, Guanine,
Nitrogen Bases Cytosine, Cytosine,
Adenine, & Adenine, &
THYMINE URACIL
Type of Sugar deoxyribose ribose
34.
Unit 4 Biology Notes
Protein
Objective 5: Identify the
importance of proteins in
organisms.
35.
Proteins are found in every living organism
Functions of Proteins in the Body:
1. Catalyze reactions (enzymes)
2. Regulate systems by serving as chemical messengers
(hormones)
3. Provide structure (cell membrane, cartilage, hair…)
4. Muscle contraction (muscles are made of contractile
proteins)
5. Defend against foreign invaders/a part of the immune
system (antibodies)
6. Transport (carrier proteins, hemoglobin)
7. Determine an organism’s physical traits!!!!
36.
Unit 4 Biology Notes
Protein Synthesis
Objective 6: Explain the
process of transcription in
protein synthesis. (location,
why, how)
Objective 7: Explain the
process of translation in
protein synthesis. (location,
why, how)
37.
Protein Synthesis
Process of _______ the information on ___ and
using that ______ information to make _______
**It is the process of translating an organism’s
________ into its _________.
• Genotype:
• Phenotype:
38.
Protein Synthesis
Process of copying the information on DNA and
using that ______ information to make _______
**It is the process of translating an organism’s
________ into its _________.
• Genotype:
• Phenotype:
39.
Protein Synthesis
Process of copying the information on DNA and
using that copied information to make proteins
**It is the process of translating an organism’s
________ into its _________.
• Genotype:
• Phenotype:
40.
Protein Synthesis
Process of copying the information on DNA and
using that copied information to make proteins
**It is the process of translating an organism’s
genotype into its phenotype.
• Genotype:
• Phenotype:
41.
Protein Synthesis
Process of copying the information on DNA and
using that copied information to make proteins
**It is the process of translating an organism’s
genotype into its phenotype.
• Genotype: the information stored in DNA
• Phenotype:
42.
Protein Synthesis
Process of copying the information on DNA and
using that copied information to make proteins
**It is the process of translating an organism’s
genotype into its phenotype.
• Genotype: the information stored in DNA
• Phenotype: a physical trait
43.
Protein Synthesis
• ** One gene codes for one _______.
• We say a gene is _________ when the
protein it codes for is made.
44.
Protein Synthesis
• ** One gene codes for one protein.
• We say a gene is _________ when the
protein it codes for is made.
45.
Protein Synthesis
• ** One gene codes for one protein.
• We say a gene is expressed when the
protein it codes for is made.
46.
Protein Synthesis
There are two parts to Protein Synthesis:
47.
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis Requires:
3.a ribosome
4.amino acids
48.
Protein Synthesis
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA):
A single-stranded nucleic acid that contains
the sugar ribose
49.
Protein Synthesis
There are three types of RNA
1.____________________ carries copies of
instructions for the assembly of proteins
from DNA to the rest of the cell.
2._________________ transfers amino
acids to ribosome during protein synthesis.
3.___________________ makes up the
major part of the ribosome.
50.
Protein Synthesis
There are three types of RNA
1.mRNA (messenger RNA) carries copies
of instructions for the assembly of proteins
from DNA to the rest of the cell.
2._________________ transfers amino
acids to ribosome during protein synthesis.
3.___________________ makes up the
major part of the ribosome.
51.
Protein Synthesis
There are three types of RNA
1.mRNA (messenger RNA) carries copies
of instructions for the assembly of proteins
from DNA to the rest of the cell.
2.tRNA (transfer RNA) transfers amino
acids to ribosome during protein synthesis.
3.___________________ makes up the
major part of the ribosome.
52.
Protein Synthesis
There are three types of RNA
1.mRNA (messenger RNA) carries copies
of instructions for the assembly of proteins
from DNA to the rest of the cell.
2.tRNA (transfer RNA) transfers amino
acids to ribosome during protein synthesis.
3.rRNA (ribosomal RNA) makes up the
major part of the ribosome.
53.
Process in which ____ of the nucleotide
sequence of DNA is _______ into a
complementary sequence of _____.
Location: Transcription occurs in the
_______.
54.
Process in which part of the nucleotide
sequence of DNA is _______ into a
complementary sequence of _____.
Location: Transcription occurs in the
_______.
55.
Process in which part of the nucleotide
sequence of DNA is copied into a
complementary sequence of _____.
Location: Transcription occurs in the
_______.
56.
Process in which part of the nucleotide
sequence of DNA is copied into a
complementary sequence of mRNA.
Location: Transcription occurs in the
_______.
57.
Process in which part of the nucleotide
sequence of DNA is copied into a
complementary sequence of mRNA.
Location: Transcription occurs in the
nucleus.
58.
Why does Transcription Occur?
The information on the DNA (which remains
in the nucleus) must somehow get out to
the cell, where proteins are made, so a
single-stranded, temporary copy of the
DNA is made.
59.
How does Transcription Occur?
1.The enzyme, RNA polymerase,
separates (unzips) a section of DNA.
2.RNA polymerase links RNA nucleotides
to their complementary bases on the DNA
strand to form a molecule of mRNA.
3.The process continues until one gene on
the DNA is copied.
• *Note: Instead of thymine, mRNA matches
uracil up with adenine.
60.
The process by which genetic information
carried by the ______ is translated to
_______________.
Location: Translation occurs on _________.
61.
The process by which genetic information
carried by the mRNA is translated to
_______________.
Location: Translation occurs on _________.
62.
The process by which genetic information
carried by the mRNA is translated to
FORM PROTEINS.
Location: Translation occurs on _________.
63.
The process by which genetic information
carried by the mRNA is translated to
FORM PROTEINS.
Location: Translation occurs on ribosomes.
64.
Why does Translation Occur?
To make proteins!!!
65.
How Does Translation Occur?
1.mRNA leaves the nucleus, enters
cytoplasm, and attaches to a ________.
2.tRNA that carries a specific _________
moves to the ribosome and pairs up its
________ with the _____ of the mRNA.
3.Peptide bonds form between the ______
_____ that are brought to the ribosome.
4.Once the whole mRNA strand is
translated, the amino acid chain breaks off
the ribosome and a _______ is formed.
66.
How Does Translation Occur?
1.mRNA leaves the nucleus, enters
cytoplasm, and attaches to a ribosome.
2.tRNA that carries a specific _________
moves to the ribosome and pairs up its
________ with the _____ of the mRNA.
3.Peptide bonds form between the ______
_____ that are brought to the ribosome.
4.Once the whole mRNA strand is
translated, the amino acid chain breaks off
the ribosome and a _______ is formed.
67.
How Does Translation Occur?
1.mRNA leaves the nucleus, enters
cytoplasm, and attaches to a ribosome.
2.tRNA that carries a specific amino acid
moves to the ribosome and pairs up its
________ with the _____ of the mRNA.
3.Peptide bonds form between the ______
_____ that are brought to the ribosome.
4.Once the whole mRNA strand is
translated, the amino acid chain breaks off
the ribosome and a _______ is formed.
68.
How Does Translation Occur?
1.mRNA leaves the nucleus, enters
cytoplasm, and attaches to a ribosome.
2.tRNA that carries a specific amino acid
moves to the ribosome and pairs up its
anticodon with the _____ of the mRNA.
3.Peptide bonds form between the ______
_____ that are brought to the ribosome.
4.Once the whole mRNA strand is
translated, the amino acid chain breaks off
the ribosome and a _______ is formed.
69.
How Does Translation Occur?
1.mRNA leaves the nucleus, enters
cytoplasm, and attaches to a ribosome.
2.tRNA that carries a specific amino acid
moves to the ribosome and pairs up its
anticodon with the codon of the mRNA.
3.Peptide bonds form between the ______
_____ that are brought to the ribosome.
4.Once the whole mRNA strand is
translated, the amino acid chain breaks off
the ribosome and a _______ is formed.
70.
How Does Translation Occur?
1.mRNA leaves the nucleus, enters
cytoplasm, and attaches to a ribosome.
2.tRNA that carries a specific amino acid
moves to the ribosome and pairs up its
anticodon with the codon of the mRNA.
3.Peptide bonds form between the amino
acids that are brought to the ribosome.
4.Once the whole mRNA strand is
translated, the amino acid chain breaks off
the ribosome and a _______ is formed.
71.
How Does Translation Occur?
1.mRNA leaves the nucleus, enters
cytoplasm, and attaches to a ribosome.
2.tRNA that carries a specific amino acid
moves to the ribosome and pairs up its
anticodon with the codon of the mRNA.
3.Peptide bonds form between the amino
acids that are brought to the ribosome.
4.Once the whole mRNA strand is
translated, the amino acid chain breaks off
the ribosome and a protein is formed.
72.
Important Definitions:
• Codon:
three nucleotide sequence on mRNA that
codes for one amino acid
• Anticodon:
group of three nitrogen bases on a tRNA
molecule that are complementary to a mRNA
codon
• Ribosome:
part of a cell that serves as the site for
protein synthesis
73.
Transcribe and Translate the following DNA
Strand:
DNA Base Sequence:
A T G C C G A T C C A A T G G
mRNA Base Sequence:
U A C G G C U A G G U U A C C
tRNA Base Sequence:
A U G C C G A U C C A A U G G
74.
Unit 4 Biology Notes
DNA, Genes, and
Proteins
Objective 8: Describe the
relationship between DNA,
genes, and proteins.
75.
DNA, Genes, and Proteins
What is a gene?
A gene is a section of the DNA molecule
or chromosome that codes (carries the
information) for making one protein.
76.
Unit 4 Biology Notes
Amino Acids
Objective 9: Describe how
amino acids are the basic
building blocks of proteins.
77.
Amino Acids
organic molecules that are formed from a
string of amino acids.
There are 20 different Amino Acids
12 amino acids can be made by your body
8 amino acids must be ingested (Essential
Amino Acids)
78.
Amino Acids
What makes the structure and function of
proteins different?
In other words, how do we make different
proteins?
The number of amino acids and the
sequence of amino acids is different.
79.
Unit 4 Biology Notes
Gene Mutations
Objective 10: Describe the
different types of gene
mutations and explain their
effect on protein structure and
function. (frame shift
mutations, point mutation)
80.
Gene Mutations
• Gene Mutation:
–a random change in the
nucleotide sequence of DNA
that occurs within a gene
81.
Gene Mutations
• Frame Shift Mutation
– gene mutation that shifts the
“reading” frame of genetic message
by inserting or deleting a
nucleotide.
82.
• In a deletion, the loss of a single base is
deleted and the reading frame is shifted.
83.
Gene Mutations
• Point Mutation
– gene mutation that affects a single
nucleotide usually by substituting
one nucleotide for another.
84.
Effect of Gene Mutations
• Mutations can cause a change in
the proteins a cell synthesizes.
• Mutations can be harmful,
beneficial, or have no effect at all.
85.
Chromosome Mutations
Turn to Page 374 of your text and Draw the
four types of Chromosome mutations
Figure 13-12 on the back of your notes.
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