SAT Literature: Inferences

In day-to-day functioning, people rely on both memory and knowledge of that memory, referred to as metamemory. For example, a person often cannot immediately recall a name upon meeting someone, but they feel that they know it. This feeling is the result of monitoring memory. Because of this feeling-of-knowing (FOK), most people will continue to search their memory for this name. Once a name is generated, people then monitor and decide if they are confident enough to use that name. Memory monitoring involves evaluating the ongoing progress of any aspect of memory. Experiments that evaluate memory monitoring typically have individuals make subjective judgments about their memory at various stages of learning and recall. Participants are asked a series of questions. After each question that they answer, they are asked to provide a retrospective confidence (RC) judgment, rating the likelihood that their response is accurate. When participants do not answer a question, they are asked for their prospective FOK judgment, assessing whether they nonetheless feel they do know the answer (for example because they think they may be able to remember it at some point in the future). Perhaps predictably, RC judgments are highly correlated with actual knowledge of a topic. FOK judgments, however, correlate rather weakly—albeit positively—with actual knowledge. While there are some instances where the FOK is the result of a momentary inability to recall something, more often than not the FOK stems from the sense that one should know something, for example because the field is familiar. Research has resulted in a general consensus that, when monitoring memory, individuals infer whether a particular response will be, or has been, remembered based on the inputs that are readily available. However, the particular inputs used differ depending on when memory is assessed. Prospective FOK judgments are thought to be based on familiarity of the cue, accessibility of information about the memory, or a combination of the two. In contrast, it is widely accepted that RC judgments are based on the memory-retrieval experience—that is, the “on-line” experience of directly retrieving some previously studied item. According to the passage, FOK judgments and RC judgments differ in all of the following ways EXCEPT that

1          Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? 2          Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 3          Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 4          And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: 5          Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 6          And often is his gold complexion dimm’d; 7          And every fair from fair sometime declines, 8          By chance, or nature’s changing course untrimm’d; 9          But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 10        Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, 11        Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade, 12        When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st; 13        So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, 14        So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. In line 13, the "eyes" that "can see" are very likely envisioned by the speaker to be used for __________.

Batter my heart (Holy Sonnet 14) 1          Batter my heart, three-person"d God; for you 2          As yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend; 3          That I may rise, and stand, o"erthrow me, and bend 4          Your force, to break, blow, burn, and make me new. 5          I, like an usurp"d town, to another due, 6          Labour to admit you, but O, to no end. 7          Reason, your viceroy in me, me should defend, 8          But is captived, and proves weak or untrue. 9          Yet dearly I love you, and would be loved fain, 10        But am betroth"d unto your enemy; 11        Divorce me, untie, or break that knot again, 12        Take me to you, imprison me, for I, 13        Except you enthrall me, never shall be free, 14        Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me. The "enemy" of line 10 is very probably                      .

Not marble nor the gilded Monuments 1   Not marble nor the gilded monuments 2   Of princes shall outlive this pow"rful rhyme, 3   But you shall shine more bright in these conténts 4   Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time. 5  When wasteful war shall statues overturn, 6   And broils root out the work of masonry, 7   Nor Mars his sword, nor war’s quick fire, shall burn 8   The living record of your memory. 9   "Gainst death and all oblivious enmity 10  Shall you pace forth; your praise shall still find room 11  Even in the eyes of all posterity 12  That wear this world out to the ending doom. 13  So till the judgment that yourself arise, 14  You live in this, and dwell in lovers" eyes.                                                                                                            (1609) From “You live in this, and dwell in lovers’ eyes” (line 14), who are most likely the lovers?

1    "So careful of the type?" but no.
 2    From scarped cliff and quarried stone
 3    She cries, `A thousand types are gone:
 4    I care for nothing, all shall go.


   5   "Thou makest thine appeal to me:
 6    I bring to life, I bring to death:
 7    The spirit does but mean the breath:
 8    I know no more." And he, shall he,


   9    Man, her last work, who seem"d so fair,
 10  Such splendid purpose in his eyes,
 11  Who roll"d the psalm to wintry skies,
 12  Who built him fanes of fruitless prayer,


   13  Who trusted God was love indeed
 14  And love Creation"s final law—
 15  Tho" Nature, red in tooth and claw
 16 With ravine, shriek"d against his creed—


   17 Who loved, who suffer"d countless ills,
 18  Who battled for the True, the Just,
 19 Be blown about the desert dust,
 20  Or seal"d within the iron hills?


   21  No more? A monster then, a dream,
 22 A discord. Dragons of the prime,
 23  That tare each other in their slime,
 24 Were mellow music match"d with him.


   25  O life as futile, then, as frail!
 26  O for thy voice to soothe and bless!
 27  What hope of answer, or redress?
 28  Behind the veil, behind the veil.                                          (1849) In “I bring to life, I bring to death” (line 6), who is “I”?

Adapted from "The Author to Her Book" by Anne Bradstreet (1678) Thou ill-form’d offspring of my feeble brain, Who after birth didst by my side remain, Till snatched from thence by friends, less wise than true, Who thee abroad, expos’d to public view, Made thee in rags, halting to th’ press to trudge, Where errors were not lessened (all may judge). At thy return my blushing was not small, My rambling brat (in print) should mother call, I cast thee by as one unfit for light, Thy visage was so irksome in my sight; Yet being mine own, at length affection would Thy blemishes amend, if so I could: I wash’d thy face, but more defects I saw, And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw. I stretched thy joints to make thee even feet, Yet still thou run’st more hobling then is meet; In better dress to trim thee was my mind, But nought save home-spun cloth, i’ th’ house I find. In this array ’mongst vulgars mayst thou roam. In critics" hands, beware thou dost not come; And take thy way where yet thou art not known, If for thy father askt, say, thou hadst none: And for thy mother, she alas is poor, Which caus’d her thus to send thee out of door. The third and fourth lines of the poem imply all but which of the following?

Adapted from "The Author to Her Book" by Anne Bradstreet (1678) Thou ill-form’d offspring of my feeble brain, Who after birth didst by my side remain, Till snatched from thence by friends, less wise than true, Who thee abroad, expos’d to public view, Made thee in rags, halting to th’ press to trudge, Where errors were not lessened (all may judge). At thy return my blushing was not small, My rambling brat (in print) should mother call, I cast thee by as one unfit for light, Thy visage was so irksome in my sight; Yet being mine own, at length affection would Thy blemishes amend, if so I could: I wash’d thy face, but more defects I saw, And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw. I stretched thy joints to make thee even feet, Yet still thou run’st more hobling then is meet; In better dress to trim thee was my mind, But nought save home-spun cloth, i’ th’ house I find. In this array ’mongst vulgars mayst thou roam. In critics" hands, beware thou dost not come; And take thy way where yet thou art not known, If for thy father askt, say, thou hadst none: And for thy mother, she alas is poor, Which caus’d her thus to send thee out of door. Lines 11–14 imply all but which of the following?

Adapted from "The Author to Her Book" by Anne Bradstreet (1678) Thou ill-form’d offspring of my feeble brain, Who after birth didst by my side remain, Till snatched from thence by friends, less wise than true, Who thee abroad, expos’d to public view, Made thee in rags, halting to th’ press to trudge, Where errors were not lessened (all may judge). At thy return my blushing was not small, My rambling brat (in print) should mother call, I cast thee by as one unfit for light, Thy visage was so irksome in my sight; Yet being mine own, at length affection would Thy blemishes amend, if so I could: I wash’d thy face, but more defects I saw, And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw. I stretched thy joints to make thee even feet, Yet still thou run’st more hobling then is meet; In better dress to trim thee was my mind, But nought save home-spun cloth, i’ th’ house I find. In this array ’mongst vulgars mayst thou roam. In critics" hands, beware thou dost not come; And take thy way where yet thou art not known, If for thy father askt, say, thou hadst none: And for thy mother, she alas is poor, Which caus’d her thus to send thee out of door. In the lines "In better dress to trim thee was my mind, / But nought save homespun cloth i" th" house I find," Bradstreet is using the image of dressing a child in better clothes to symbolize __________.

Adapted from "The Author to Her Book" by Anne Bradstreet (1678) Thou ill-form’d offspring of my feeble brain, Who after birth didst by my side remain, Till snatched from thence by friends, less wise than true, Who thee abroad, expos’d to public view, Made thee in rags, halting to th’ press to trudge, Where errors were not lessened (all may judge). At thy return my blushing was not small, My rambling brat (in print) should mother call, I cast thee by as one unfit for light, Thy visage was so irksome in my sight; Yet being mine own, at length affection would Thy blemishes amend, if so I could: I wash’d thy face, but more defects I saw, And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw. I stretched thy joints to make thee even feet, Yet still thou run’st more hobling then is meet; In better dress to trim thee was my mind, But nought save home-spun cloth, i’ th’ house I find. In this array ’mongst vulgars mayst thou roam. In critics" hands, beware thou dost not come; And take thy way where yet thou art not known, If for thy father askt, say, thou hadst none: And for thy mother, she alas is poor, Which caus’d her thus to send thee out of door. The lines "In critic"s hands beware thou dost not come, / And take thy way where yet thou art not known" implies all but which of the following?

Adapted from "The Author to Her Book" by Anne Bradstreet (1678) Thou ill-form’d offspring of my feeble brain, Who after birth didst by my side remain, Till snatched from thence by friends, less wise than true, Who thee abroad, expos’d to public view, Made thee in rags, halting to th’ press to trudge, Where errors were not lessened (all may judge). At thy return my blushing was not small, My rambling brat (in print) should mother call, I cast thee by as one unfit for light, Thy visage was so irksome in my sight; Yet being mine own, at length affection would Thy blemishes amend, if so I could: I wash’d thy face, but more defects I saw, And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw. I stretched thy joints to make thee even feet, Yet still thou run’st more hobling then is meet; In better dress to trim thee was my mind, But nought save home-spun cloth, i’ th’ house I find. In this array ’mongst vulgars mayst thou roam. In critics" hands, beware thou dost not come; And take thy way where yet thou art not known, If for thy father askt, say, thou hadst none: And for thy mother, she alas is poor, Which caus’d her thus to send thee out of door. Lines 7-10 imply all but which of the following?