Anatomy of Flowering Plants: Study of Internal Structure of Plants

A cluster of cells that have a common origin and work together to achieve a specific function A plant tissue varies from that of an animal because they vary in their functions and characters In plant there are two types of tissues, namely, Meristematic and permanent tissues Secondary Meristematic tissues comprises of sclerenchyma, collenchymas, parenchyma and epidermis Meristematic tissues are quite small which allows large number of cell division Their cytoplasm is quite dense which means that they contain many cell organelles that help them increase their rate of respiration Their cell wall is thin which allows them to divide easily Larger vacuoles let them break easily and give mechanical support Primary meristem rises at the early stage of a plant and comprises of apical and intercalary meristem Secondary meristem rises at the later stage of a plant and comprises of later meristem Apical meristem is present at tips of root and shoot and also helps in the increase of length Intercalary meristem helps in the increase of girth in plants Permanent cells are formed from the meristem tissues that gradually lose their ability to divide and perform few other specific functions Process by which meristem tissues gradually change to permanent tissues is called Differentiation Permanent tissues are classified into simple and complex permanent tissues Simple permanent tissues and complex permanent tissues are classified based on their intercellular gaps These are the living tissues responsible for stiffness in plants The husk of a coconut is made of Sclerenchymatous tissue They are of two kinds, namely, sclereids and fibers Simple pits are present in thickened cell walls of sclerenchyma Color of the wood is light. Density is less. Cambium is active. Lesser number of xylary elements. Apical meristem Permanent tissue Secondary tissue Vascular combium Gives rise to lateral branches Increase the girth of the plant Increase both length and girth of plant Increase the length of the plant. Shoot apex Root apex Bud apex Leaf apex Exodermis Epiderms Hypodermis Endoderms Chlorenchyma Parenchyma Sclerenchyma Endoderms

Bulliform cells are absent from the eqidermis

Veins from a network

Mesophyll is well differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma

Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma

Radial arrangement of xylem and phloem

Collateral arrangement of xylem and phloem

Interfascicular cambium

Intrafascicular cambium

Vascular rays

Tracheary elements

Ray parenchyma

Phloem parenchyma

Tracheids

Companion cells

Sieve areas

Phloem parenchyma

Periderm

Phelloderm

Phellogen

Phellem

Submerged hydrophytes

Mesophytes

Hydrophytes

None of these

Tracheids

Fibres

Transfusion tissue

None of these

Organic food moves upwardly and downwardly through phloem

Inorganic food moves upwardly and downwardly through xylem

Organic food moves up through phloem

Organic food moves up through phloem

Vascular cambium

Pericycle

Cork cambium

Endodermis